View
220
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2
Motivation and Emotion
What is motivation? Motivation
– the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3
Explaining Motivation
Instinct Approaches: born to be motivated Instincts
– inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4
Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Drive-Reduction Approaches
– when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced
Drive– motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes
behavior in order to fulfill some need
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5
Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Primary drives
– basic drives that are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole
Secondary drives– needs are brought about by prior experience
and learning
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6
Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Homeostasis
– the process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual, balanced internal state
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7
Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Arousal approaches to motivation
– we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8
Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull
Incentive approaches to motivation– the theory explaining motivation in terms of
external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9
Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation
Cognitive approaches to motivation– the focus on the role of our thoughts,
expectations, and understanding of the world
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10
Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation
Intrinsic motivation– motivation by which people participate in an
activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them
Extrinsic motivation– motivation by which people participate in an
activity for a tangible reward
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11
Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12
Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Self-actualization
– a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in the own unique way
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13
Human Needs and Motivation
What are the biological and social factors that underlie hunger?
How are needs relating to achievement, affiliation, and power motivation exhibited?
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14
The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Biological factors
– hypothalamus– weight set point
• the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain
– genetic factors• metabolism - the rate at which food is converted to
energy and expended by the body
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16
The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Social factors
– external social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior
– conditioned association of food with comfort, consolation
– escape from unpleasant thoughts
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa– a severe eating disorder in which people may
refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual
Bulimia– a disorder in which a person binges on
incredibly large quantities of food, and then purges
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18
The Need for Achievement: Striving for success The need for achievement
– a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence
Measuring achievement motivation– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Racial Differences in achievement motivation
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19
Other Human Needs
Need for affiliation– an interest in establishing and maintaining
relationships with other people Need for Power
– tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20
Understanding Emotional Experiences What are emotions, how do we experience
them, and what are their functions? Emotions
– feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21
The Functions of Emotions
Preparing us for action– a link between external events and behavioral
responses Shaping our future behavior
– act as reinforcement Helping us to regulate social interaction
– allow observers to better understand us
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22
Deciphering our Emotions
The James-Lange Theory– the belief that emotional experience is a
reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
The Cannon-Bard Theory– the belief that both physiological and emotional
arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23
Deciphering our Emotions
The Schacter-Singer Theory– the belief that emotions are determined jointly
by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues
– support a cognitive view of emotions
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24
The Truth About Lies
Polygraph– an electronic device designed to expose people
who are telling lies Event-related brain potentials
– reflect tiny changes in electrical voltage that can be measured on a person’s scalp
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25
Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions Do People in all cultures express emotion
similarly? Facial-affect program
• the activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression
Display rules• the guidelines that govern the appropriateness of
showing emotion nonverbally
Recommended