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ConditioningofAllomorphyintheKashayaDurative
EUGENE BUCKLEYUNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
SocietyfortheStudyoftheIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas
Austin, Texas
6 January 2017
Outlineoftalk
• Descriptionoffactorsdeterminingchoiceofallomorph– precedingsegment– sizeofstem– avoidanceofrepeatedsequences– underlyingvs.surfaceform
• Speculationonhistoricalorigins– seemstostartwithtwoallomorphsthatwereoriginallydistinctsuffixes
– thenmuchreanalysis,especiallyofonesuffix
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Pomoanlanguages
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California
NorthernNortheastern
Southeastern
Southern
Central
Eastern
Kashaya
Durativesuffix
• Verycommonverbsuffix(Oswalt1961)– ongoingorrepeatedaction– “mostfrequentlytranslatedwithaprogressivetenseinEnglishorwiththephrase‘keepon...ing’.”
• Dozensorhundredsofexamplesofeachform– mainlyfrommaterialscollectedbyOswalt
• SomeverbsalwaystaketheDurative– “/qawa·du/‘tochew’or‘tobechewing’.”
• Canberepeatedinsuccession– “habitualorcustomaryaction”
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Conditioningbysegment
• Muchallomorphydependsonprecedingsegment– consonantvs.vowel– amongconsonants,palatalaffricatevs.other– suffixal/d/differentfromothersegments
• nodoubtrelatedtofactthateveryDurativeendsin/d/
• Intersectswithotherconditions– suchaslengthofstem– willreturntothislater
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Afteravowel
• Twomainoptions– bothshapedCVC– dependsonlengthofstem(detailsbelow)
• Afteravowelinashortstem:-cidcʰo·-cid- ‘lack,nothave’cahno-cid- ‘sing’qaʔba-cid- ‘crackwithteeth’
• Afteravowelinalongerstem:-medhotʼo-t-ala-med- ‘moveheaddown’cupʰuhqa-med- ‘havesourstomach’ṭʰaʔbam-ci-med- ‘happen’
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After/c/or/cʼ/
• Twomainoptionswithpalatalaffricate,[tʃ]– bothshapedVC– alsodependsonlengthofstem
• Afterapalatalinashortstem:-idbac-id- ‘grow’tubic-id- ‘wakeup’di·cʼ-id- ‘talk’
• Afterapalatalinalongerstem:-edpihki-bic-ed- ‘raiseneck’qanemacʼ-ed- ‘berelated’mo-mulicʼ-ed- ‘runincircles’
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Otherconsonants
• Afternon-palatalconsonants:-ad– alsoshapedVC– doesnot dependonlengthofstem
• Afteraconsonantinashortstemqal-ad- ‘shoot(arrows)’boʔot-ad- ‘hunt’duhlud-ad- ‘pickone’
• Afteraconsonantinalongerstemhihsisil-ad- ‘feelscratchy’buʔsʼunay-ad- ‘makekissingnoise’duhlabat-ad- ‘faint’
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Exceptwith/d/
• Usual-ad isreplacedby-uced aftersuffixal/d/– typicallythisisanotherDurative– yieldsaHabitualmeaning
• ExampleswithprecedingDurativeci·cʼ-id-uced- ‘do’da·qacʼ-ed-uced- ‘like’buwi-cid-uced- ‘stringbeads’ʔdane-med-uced- ‘throwaway’bahnat-ad-uced- ‘askabout’
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Prosodicsize
• “Shortstem”forms-cid,-id occurafteronesyllable– moduloextrametricalityoffirstsyllable– blockedwhenroot ismonosyllabicandunprefixed
• Afterashortstem:-cid,-id(ca-cid-) ‘sit’(bac-id-) ‘grow’<tu>(bic-id-) ‘wakeup’
• Afteralongerstem:-med,-ed(wala)(-med-) ‘godown’<qa>(nema)(cʼ-ed-) ‘berelated’
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Vowelheight“dissimilation”
• Variant-ced occursafterthreefrequentmonosyllabicverbsendingin/i/
ʔi-ced- ‘be’sʼi-ced- ‘do’mi-ced- ‘say’
• Nogeneralrulewouldcausethis– mustbelistedallomorph– butapparentlyconditionedbyCi root
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Haplologyeffect
• Although-med isexpectedforlongerstems,afterasuffixoftheshape-ma (eitherPluralorEssive)itismorecommontofind-cid
pahyoqʰ-ma-cid- ‘stirmanytimes’cuhtenh-ma-cid- ‘stackobjects’
• Thischoiceavoids-ma-med,withnear-repetitionoftheCVpattern– notrequired,butmorecommon– quickcountis32vs.9
• Notablynot -ci-cid (Semelfactive)insteadof-ci-med– sincethatwouldcreateagratuitoushaplologycontext
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Suffixidentity
• Somedistributionsrequirereferencetoparticularsuffixesorlexicalitems
• Expected-med isoptionallyreplacedby-wad aftertheCausative-hqa
qaʔdi-hqa-wad- ‘sendtofetch’banala-hqa-wad- ‘knockdown’
• Thisistheonlyuseof-wad byOswalt’smainconsultant(EssieParrish)– canbedifficulttodistinguishinthecorpusfromhomophonous-wad asDistributive‘hereandthere’
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Rootidentity
• Asnoted,-uced occursaftersuffixal/d/buwi-cid-uced- ‘stringbeads’
– usually-ad afterstemendingin/d/duhlud-ad- ‘pickfruit’
• ButalsooccurswithtworootsthatendinDurative-likesequences– /ad/or/ed/andpreceding/c/
cad-uced- ‘look’nihced-uced- ‘say’hced-uced- ‘say’(shortform)
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Rootidentity
• TheserootsarenotanalyzableascontainingaDurativesuffix
• Mightbeanotherhaplologyeffect– sinceotherwisewouldhaverepeated/Vd/
cad-uced- ‘look’*cad-ad-
nihced-uced- ‘say’*nihced-ad-
• Alsoyieldsrhythmiccad,u,ced andced,u,ced– inthiscase,preceding/c/iscrucial– similartoregularcaseslike-cid-uced-
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PluralAgent
• Featurecauses/d/tobecome/c’/– unusualprocessbutquiteregular– independentinteractionswithotherpalatals
• duc→ cʼuc→ cʼic• ced → cecʼ → yicʼ
• Finalconsonantofaroot:duhlud- ‘onepicksomething’duhlucʼ- ‘severalpicksomething’
• Anywhereinasuffix(here,aDirectional):mo-maduc- ‘onearriverunning’mo-hti-macʼic- ‘severalarriverunning’
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DurativeandPluralAgent
• AlsoappliestoDurativesuffixes– everyallomorphendsin/d/
mo-hqa-med- ‘onedrive(acar)’mo-hqa-mecʼ- ‘severaldrive(acar)’
• InteractswiththechoiceofDurative– sincefinal/d/and/cʼ/areconditioningfactors
• AllomorphsmakereferencetopresenceofPluralAgentfeature– notsolelythephonologicaloutcome/cʼ/
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Underlying/cʼ/
• Allomorph-wad isoptionalafterCausative-hqa• PluralAgentform-wac’ hasdifferentdistribution
– occursafter/c’/inverbsmarkedasPluralAgent– butonlyifitisunderlyingly/c’/,notderivedfrom/d/
• Afteraroot:di·c’-id- ‘onetell’di·c’-wac’- ‘severaltell’
• Afterasuffix:muhsam-cic’-ed- ‘onebounceback’muhsam-cic’-wac’- ‘severalbounceback’
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Underlying/d/
• Underlying/d/takes-uced– eveninPluralAgentwherethe/d/surfacesas/cʼ/– notethatd-uced → cʼ-ucec’ → cʼ-iyic’
• Afteraroot:cad-uced- ‘onesee’cac’-iyic’- ‘severalsee’
• Afterasuffix (here,anotherDurative):cadut-ad-uced- ‘oneexamine’cadut-ac’-iyic’- ‘severalexamine’
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Underlyingform
• Compareunderlying/cʼ/di·c’-id- ‘onetell’di·c’-wac’- ‘severaltell’
• Withunderlying/d/cad-uced- ‘onesee’cac’-iyic’- ‘severalsee’
• Choiceofallomorphmakescrucialreferencetotwoproperties1. presenceofPluralAgentfeature2. underlyingformoftheprecedingsurface/cʼ/
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Referencetounderlyingform
• InteractionwiththePluralAgentsupportsreferencetounderlyingratherthansurfaceforms– thisisactuallyrequiredbymanytheoriesofallomorphselection(seePaster2006)• inparticular,ifallomorphsarechosenbeforephonologicalprocessesoccur
– thoughthemorphosyntacticallytriggeredchangefrom/d/to/cʼ/isnotatypicalphonologicalrule
• ButunderlyingformisnotsufficientforanotherpartofKashayaallomorphy…
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Referencetoextrametricality
• Inprosodicconditioning,weneedinformationthatisnotunderlying– use-cid and-id ifjustonesyllableispresent
• moduloextrametricality– productivelyassignedbasedonmorphologicalstructure
• notsomethingthatshouldbelistedunderlyingly
• Worksbestifextrametricalityisappliedtostem(unlessblocked) andthenvisiblesyllablescounted– prosodymightbeaccessibletoallomorphyinawaythatsegmentalchangeslikethePluralAgentarenot
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Summary
• cid aftervowel,mostlywithshortstem• ced afterCi roots• med aftervowel,withlongstem• id afterpalatalaffricate,withshortstem• ed afterpalatalaffricate,withlongstem• uced afterunderlying/d/,mostlyinsuffixes• wad optionalafterCausative• wacʼ afterunderlying/cʼ/inthePluralAgent
– furtherresearchneededon-wad andrelatedforms
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Possibleorigins
• Whyaretheresomanyallomorphs?– andwhydotheyallendin/d/?
• Apparentlyonlytwoofthemaredirectlyinherited– basedoncognates:-cid and-ad– common/d/appearstobecoincidentalforthesetwo
• OthersallomorphsinKashayalikelyresultfromhistoricalreanalysisofboundaries– wecanspeculateaboutavarietyofpotentialpaths
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Pomoanfamily
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Proto-Pomo
SOUTHERN GROUP
WESTERN BRANCH
Kashaya NorthernCentralSouthern Northeastern Eastern Southeastern
Pomoancognates
• Proto-Pomo*-kid(McLendon1973)– Kashaya:Durative-cid– Eastern:Habitual-kil,Durative-l– Southeastern:Durative-l (Moshinsky1974)
• Westernbranch:*-adu– Kashaya:Durative-ad– Southern:Imperfective-ad(u)(Walker2012)– Central:Imperfective-ad(u),pl.agt.-acʼi (Mithun1990)– Northern:Progressive-ad (O’Connor1990)
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Pathsof*-kid:Gettingshorter
• Original-cid– survivesasabasicallomorph– persistenceinlongerstems,after-ma,mightbearelicofpreviouswiderdistribution
• Recuttingtocreatesmaller-id– occurswithshortstems,like-cid
• VerylikelyinvolvingcommonSemelfactive-c– original-cid reinterpretedas-c-id– thisiswhy-id alwaysfollowsapalatal
• extendedto/cʼ/,perhapsunderinfluenceofPluralAgent
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Pathsof*-kid:Vowelheight
• Loweredvowelin-ced– survivesnowaslimitedallomorphwithCi- roots– butalsoaspartoflongerform-uced
• moreonthisbelow
• Samevowelin-ed and-med– perhapsoldruleofloweringwhennotstressed– theyoccurlaterinthewordthan-id and-cid
• Onlyoneproductivei~e alternationnow– relatedtopalatals:roughlye→ i/c__c– uncertaincausalrelationto-ced allomorph
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Pathsof*-kid:Gettinglonger
• Recuttingtocreate-med– presumablyfrompreviouslycreated-ed– likewiseoccurswithlongerstems
• ProbableroleforcommonEssive-m– oftenhasastativemeaning,compatiblewithDurative– original-m-ed reinterpretedas-med
• conformstoCVCshapeofexisting-cid
• Yieldssystemoffourallomorphs– shortstem-cid and-id– longstem-med and-ed– allultimatelyderivedfromoriginal-cid
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Pathsof*-adu:Reanalysis
• LikelyoriginatesinDirectional-ad ‘along’– themost“durative”oftheDirectionalsuffixes
• seeWalker(2012:307f)onSouthernPomo– seemstobeaProto-Westerninnovation
• Recuttingtocreate-uced– presumablyoriginal-adu-ced– reanalyzedas-ad-ucedwhen/u/waslostfrom-adu
• Generalreanalysisof/u/inthissuffix– originallydeletedfrom-adu bySYNCOPE– latertreatedasinsertionafter-ad byEPENTHESIS– ultimatelyyields“crazyrule”:i→ u/d__
• foundinCentral,Southern,andKashaya(Buckley2004)
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Finalpoints
• Allomorph-wad probablyfromtheDistributive– relatedsense:“hereandthere”,“allaround”– impliesDurativemeaning
• stillhardtodistinguishthesuffixesattimes
• Openquestion– whydidKashayaaddsomanynewallomorphs?– relatedtothefactthattherewerealreadytwoforms,-cid and-ad,thatbothhaveafinal/d/?
– partofanattempttoimposeacoherentsystemontheexistingforms?
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ReferencesBuckley,Eugene.1994.TheoreticalaspectsofKashayaphonologyandmorphology.CSLI,Stanford,California.
Buckley,Eugene.1997.BestFootForward:TheinitialfootinKashaya.MeetingofSSILA.CornellUniversity,July5-6.
Buckley,Eugene.2004.Theoriginofacrazyrule:[du]intheSouthernPomoanGroup.MeetingofSSILA.Boston,January8-11.
McLendon,Sally.1973.Proto-Pomo.UCPL71.UCPress.Mithun,Marianne.1990.Theroleoflexicalizationinshapingaspectualsystems:CentralPomo.SouthernIllinoisOccasionalPapersinLinguistics 15,62-74.
O’Connor,MaryCatherine.1990.Suffixalaspectandtense-aspectinNorthernPomo.SouthernIllinoisOccasionalPapersinLinguistics 15,52-61.
Oswalt,Robert.1961.AKashayagrammar(SouthwesternPomo).Dissertation,UCBerkeley.
Oswalt,Robert.2005.Kashayadictionary.Ms.,CaliforniaLanguageArchive,UCBerkeley.
Paster,Mary.2006.Phonologicalconditionsonaffixation.Dissertation,UCBerkeley.Walker,NeilAlexander.2012.AgrammarofSouthernPomo.Dissertation,UCSantaBarbara.
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