Condi&ons(of(the(labour(market(( par&cipaonof(migrants ......

Condi&ons  of  the  labour  market    

par&cipa&on  of  migrants    and  migrants’  descendants  

Ingrid Tucci

Winterschool MIGREVAL - Évaluation des politiques de langue par les migrants 21-26.11.2016 – Laboratoire DYNAME – Université de Strasbourg

Unemployment rates - France in 2014

2

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

Français  nés  en  France  

Immigrés   -­‐  Dont  ressor7ssants  de  l'Union  européenne  

-­‐  Dont  non  ressor7ssants  de  l'Union  européenne  

Ensemble  

9  

18  

21  

10  9  

17  

20  

10  9  

17  

9  

21  

10   Hommes    

Femmes    

Ensemble  

Source : Insee - Enquête emploi- Données 2014 - Observatoire des inégalités

Conditions for the labour market participation of migrants

•  Legal  status  and  laws  regula7ng  the  access  to  the  labour  market  

•  Educa7onal  level  and  qualifica7ons  •  Structure  of  the  na&onal  (and  regional)  labour  market  •  Integra&on  policy  •  Recogni&on  of  qualifica&ons  •  Language  proficiency    •  Networks  •  An7-­‐discrimina7on  policy  •  Openness  of  the  majority  popula7on  

Outline  

1.  Some  structural  indicators  2.  Integra7on  policies  and  programmes  3.  The  recogni7on  of  foreign  qualifica7ons  4.  The  situa7on  of  immigrants’  descendants  

1  Structural  indicators  

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France   Germany  Unemployment  rate:    7,4%  in  2008    10,4  %  in  2015  Youth  :  24  %    in  2016      Decline  of  the  manufacturing  sector  since  the  80s      Deprecia7on  of  voca7onal  training,  low  share  of  dual  appren7ceship  

Unemployment  rate  :    7,4  %  in  2008    4,6  %  in  2015  Youth  :  7  %  in  2016          Deficit  of  qualified  workers  and  demographic  change  S7ll  rela7vely  strong  manufacturing  sector      Valuing  voca7onal  training,  dual  appren7ceship  Unfilled  posts  for  trainees  

2  Short  comparison  of  integra&on  policies    and  programmes    

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What about the French integration policy?

8

The integration pathway in France

•  2016:  The  Contract  of  Republican  Integra&on  (CIR)  replaces  the  Contract  of  recep7on  and  integra7on  (CAI)        

•  Language  training  Ø  3  paths  of  training  of  50  h,  100  h  or  200  h  

 •  Compulsory  civic  training  (2  days)  

Ø  Intermediary  and  final  tests,  cer7ficate  of  a`endance  “seriousness  and  regular  a`endance”  

Germany  •  Since  the  mid  2000:    ”Pragma7c  and  structured”  

integra7on  policy  

•  Addressing  specific  groups    

•  Spirit:  “Promote  and  support”  -­‐  Fördern  und  fordern  

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The integration pathway in Germany

•  Language  course  Ø Basic  course    (300  hours)  Ø Extended  course  (300  hours)  

•  Course  of  orienta7on  (100  hours)    

•  Test  of  German  proficiency  (Deutsch-­‐Test  für  Zuwanderer)          

•  Test  sur  le  cours  d’orienta7on    (Test  zum  OrienBerungskurs).    

Integra(on  course  

Cer(ficates  

12

Relationship between different integration programmes in Germany and labour market participation

13

Relationship between different integration programmes in Germany and labour market participation

IAB Forschungsbericht n° 4, 2016 IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten: Ü ̈berblick und erste Ergebnisse

Germany: towards a « welcome and recognition culture »?

 •  Shortage  of  skilled  workers  and  demographic  change  •  Limi7ng  the  immigra7on  of  low  skilled  through  strengthening  family  reunifica7on    

•  Making  Germany  a`rac7ve  for  skilled  workers  

14

15

Germany: towards a « welcome and recognition culture »?

Ø  For  the  public  administra7on  (BMAF):  Recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  as  a  central  pa`ern    of  the  recogni7on  culture    >>  Federal  Recogni7on  act  >>  Ar7cle  1:  Voca7onal  Qualifica7ons  Assessment  Law  (BQFG)  

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3  Recogni&on  of  foreign  qualifica&ons    

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18

19

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Recognitions of qualifications in Germany • Between  2012  and  2014,  more  than  44,000  applica7ons  for  recogni7on  in  a  profession  or  occupa7on  covered  by  the  Federal  Recogni7on  Act  were  submi`ed.    

•  The  most  common  states  of  training  of  new  applicants  were  Poland,  Romania  and  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  

 • More  than  60  percent  of  applica7ons  made  in  2014  related  to  recogni7on  as  a  doctor  or  registered  general  nurse,  professions  in  which  there  is  a  high  shortage  of  skilled  workers.    

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Getting qualifications recognized … or not? Asked  for  a  formal  recogni&on:    • in  Germany  :  circa  1  migrant  out  of  3    and  45  %  of  those  with  university  diploma  

• in  France:  circa  1  migrant  out  of  10    and  33  %  of  those  with  university  diploma  

 Sources : Allemagne >> Liebau & Salikutluk 2016 données de l’échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013 France >> Monzo & Gleizes 2009, données de l’enquête emploi 2008

Recognition of qualifications and obstacles

Source: Monzo & Gleizes 2009, p. 2, données de l’enquête emploi 2008

Recognition of qualifications and obstacles

Germany   Refugees   Other  migrants  Persons  with  a  foreign  qualifica7on  Share  in  %   87   89  

Tried  to  get  their  qualifica7on  recognized   32   34  

Among  those  who  did  dot  try  (in  %)  •  Not  important  for  me   20   38  •  Administra7ve  obstacles   33   17  •  Low  success  rate   12   17  •  Other  reasons   35   28  

Share  of  those  whose  qualifica7on  was  not  recognized   35   16  

Source: Liebau & Salikutluk 2016, p. 738, données de l’échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013

Effect of the recognition of qualifications on employment Compared  to  those  who  did  not  ask  for  recogni7on,  the  risk  of  being  over  qualified  decreases  of  :    -­‐ 32  %  for  those  whose  qualifica7on  was  fully  recognized  

-­‐ 14  %  for  those  whose  recogni7on  is  only  par7al Source : BRÜCKER, LIEBAU et ROMITI : Anerkannte Abschlüsse und Deutschkenntnisse lohnen sich. DIW Wochenbericht, n° 43, 2014, pp. 1144-1151 .

4  The  situa&on  of  immigrants’  descendants  

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Initial constraints for the labour market participation of immigrant’s descendants  • Lower  educa7on  on  average    

• Selec7on  processes  within  the  educa7on  system  • ins7tu7onal  discrimina7on  

• Lower  social  background  • parents  have  experienced  more  omen  unemployment,  instability  of  jobs,  difficult  living  condi7ons  for  some  of  them…  

28 Source: Tucci et al. 2011, “Starting out of disadvantage”, Economic Bulletin n°5

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Source: Tucci et al. 2011, “Starting out of disadvantage”, Economic Bulletin n°5

Closing remarks and open questions • The  recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  improves  the  labour  market  trajectory  but  s7ll:  na7ves  do  be`er  

• How  is  the  experience  of  unequal  treatment  and  declassing  perceived?  

• What  role  play  “horizons  of  comparisons”  for  the  evalua7on    of  the  own  social  posi7on,  of  the  social  trajectory?  

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Closing remarks and open questions • The  recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  improves  the  labour  market  trajectory  but  s7ll:  na7ves  do  be`er  

• How  is  the  experience  of  unequal  treatment  and  declassing  perceived?  

• What  role  play  “horizons  of  comparisons”  for  the  evalua7on    of  the  own  social  posi7on,  of  the  social  trajectory?  

• Discrimina7on:  an  experience  common  to  migrants    and  descendants  of  migrants  

•  Ethno-­‐racial  boundaries  are  clearly  barriers:  stronger  in  France?  •  An7-­‐discrimina7on  policy,  how  is  it  evaluated  by  minori7es?  •  Policy  level:  What  about  more  ini7a7ves  addressed  to  the  majority?  

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Closing remarks and open questions • The  recogni7on  of  qualifica7ons  improves  the  labour  market  trajectory  but  s7ll:  na7ves  do  be`er  

• How  is  the  experience  of  unequal  treatment  and  declassing  perceived?  

• What  role  play  “horizons  of  comparisons”  for  the  evalua7on    of  the  own  social  posi7on,  of  the  social  trajectory?  

• Discrimina7on:  an  experience  common  to  migrants    and  descendants  of  migrants  

•  Ethno-­‐racial  boundaries  are  clearly  barriers:  stronger  in  France?  •  An7-­‐discrimina7on  policy,  how  is  it  evaluated  by  minori7es?  •  Policy  level:  What  about  more  ini7a7ves  addressed  to  the  majority?  

• Integra7on  policies  converge  towards  a  models  od  cultural  assimila7on?  

•  This  model  assume  that  migrants  have  different  values,  etc.:  ethnic  boundary  making  at  the  ins7tu7onal  level  

• What  is  the  subjec7ve  percep7on  of  integra7on  pathways?  

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Merci  !    Danke!    Thank  you!        Contact:  ingrid.tucci@univ-­‐amu.fr  

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Part des immigrés et des descendants d’immigrés en 2005 et 2013, selon la tranche d’âge

Source: Bildungsbericht 2016, p. 206

Nombre de premières demandes d’asile 2013 - 2016 selon la tranche d’âge

37 Source: Bildungsbericht 2016, p. 194

Without  qualifica&on  

With  voca&onal  training  

With  university  diploma  

Women  Unemployment  rate  among  German  na&ves  in  %   12,2  %   4  %   1,6  %  

Change  in  percentage  point  compared  with  German  na7ves  with  the  same  characteris7cs  

Turkey   +11,8   +5,5   ns  Former  Yugoslavia   -­‐8,6   ns   ns  Southern  Europe   ns   ns   ns  

Men  Unemployment  rate  among  German  na&ves  in  %   14,3  %   4,1  %   1,8  %  

Change  in  percentage  point  compared  with  German  na7ves  with  the  same  characteris7cs  

Turkey   +13,8   +5,6   +5,8  Former  Yugoslavia   +11,9   ns   ns  Southern  Europe   ns   +1,9   ns  

Source: Höhne & Schulze Buschoff 2015, WSI-Mitteilungen Datenbasis: Mikrozensus 2012, eigene Darstellung.

Unemployment among immigrants’ descendants in Germany – Estimated probabilities

4  The  role  of  networks  

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Mode of access to the first job in Germany by level of qualification

Source: Brücker et al. 2014, données de l’échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013

20  

28  

18  

25  

16  

20  

32  

15  

18  

31  

55  

40  

66  

54  

43  

2  

1  

1  

2  

6  

2  

0  

1  

2  

4  

0%   10%   20%   30%   40%   50%   60%   70%   80%   90%   100%  

All  migrants  

In  training  

Without  qualifica7on  

With  qualifica7on  

University  diploma  

Independant   Business  rela7ons   Family  and  friends  

Newspapers  ,  internet   Public  or  private  agency  

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Mode of access to the current job in France by country of birth