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Systematic Design Process
Conceptual Design Components and
Ethics
Systematic Design Process
Systematic Design Process
Systematic design process:
Requirements
Specifications
Conceptual Design
Embodiment Design Detailed Design
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Conceptual Design
So far we have developed methods tounderstand and define customers' needs
!e used ob"ective trees to e#pand on theneeds and determine the various levels of
goals
!e used functional trees to address thedifferent functions that need to be
carried out in a hierarchical manner$ tosatisfy the needs
Conceptual Design
%hen we drew up the specification chart
based on what we needed to achieve andwhat we needed to do to achieve the
ob"ectives
%he specifications that must be satisfied
were classified as &must$ and those thatwill simply enhance the product quality as
&desired
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Conceptual Design
Specifications describe what needs to be
achieved in a measurable quantity ratherthan describing a qualitative desire
e#pressed at the ob"ective stage
%he ne#t step is to come up with more than
one artifact that will satisfy the needs of thecustomer$ ta(ing into consideration the
desires and wishes of the specifications
Conceptual Design
)ow you have readied a stage whereconcepts need to be generated based onwhat you have accomplished in theprevious steps in the design process
%hese concepts represent multiple
solutions to the problem
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Conceptual DesignA. Conceptual Design Definition.
B. Creativity.
C. Types.
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design.
E. Function Means Tree.
F. Morphological Chart.
G. Concepts Elicitation
H. Ethics at the Conceptual tage.
Conceptual Design
A. Conceptual Design
Definition
onceptual Design *noun+is the definition of ,means-groups *subsets+ of functions from the overall list of
functions which the product has to perform as given inthe product concept or specification
onceptual Design *verb+is the process of defining thesub groups of requirements and the means to providethem
.t is achieved in two steps:
/ 0rouping the functions for each sub1means
/ Establishing the sub1means which would integrate with othersub1means in harmony
Conceptual design involves creativity
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B. Creativity
.n many design boo(s there is a strong connection betweendesign and creativity Some research concludes that design
is a creative process by nature
)ed 2errmann$ author of %he creative 3rain$ definescreativity as follows: &Creativity in its fullest sense involvesboth generating an idea and manifesting .t 4 ma(ingsomething happen as a result %o strengthen creativeability$ you need to apply the idea in some form that enables
both the e#perience itself and your own reaction and others-to reinforce your performance 5s you and others applaud
your creative endeavors$ you are li(ely to become morecreative,-
B. Creativity .n previous definitions we see that creativity is associated
with generating ideas
Research has found that groups perform better on creativeproblem1solving tas(s .t has been said that two heads arebetter than one$ which may be also applied to creativity
3rainstorming is the best1(nown and most widely usedtechnique for idea generation in groups *how many 3S types we have+2owever$ for brainstorming sessions to outperform
individuals in generating ideas$ participants must6 have some social relationships
7 have used some of the idea generated
8 have some technical e#perience pertinent to the problem
9 have wor(ed some tas(s interdependently
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B. Creativity
%o increase your level of creativity6 now your thin(ing style
7 ;se visual imagery
8 Reframing
9 2umor
ed$ planned detailed$ andsequential
c+ ;pper right: holistic$ intuitive$ synthesi>ing$ and
integrating
d+ =ower right: emotional$ social andcommunicative
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery .
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
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B. Creativity
.n team wor($ you may encounter differentthin(ing styles
5 good team is one that represents a fullbrain
?ou can train yourself to have all quadrantsfunction at the same power or increaseactivities toward utili>ing more of a specificquadrant by@
a+ .dentifying the wea(ness@ and
b+ 5ttac(ing problems that require theutili>ation of a wea( quadrant
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery .
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
B. Creativity7 ;se visual imagery:
Einstein asserted that imagination ismore important than (nowledge for(nowledge is finite whereas imaginationis infinite
3ernard Shaw said & you see things andsay whyA 3ut . dream things that never
where and say why notAB
ost visual thin(ers clarify and developtheir thin(ing with s(etches
Drawing not only helps to bring vagueinner images into focus@ it also provides a
records of the advancing thought stream
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
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B. Creativity
8 Reframing:
Einstein asserted that problems cannot be solvedby thin(ing within the framewor( in which theproblems were created Reframing involvesta(ing problems out of their frame and seeingthem in a different conte#t .t allowsconsideration of potentially valuable ideasoutside current frames
%he most common habits that limit the ability tochange mental frames are as follows:
a ursuit of perfection
b ear of failure
c Delusion of already (nowing the answer
d %erminal seriousness
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
B. Creativity
9 2umor:
.t was said that &en of humor are always in
some degree men of genius
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
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B. Creativity
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D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
%he means proposed may not be self1sufficient toprovide the functions which are to be performed
%hey may need e#tra functions *secondaryfunctions+ to perform its original intendedfunctions
%he secondary functions may need secondarymeans
Rotating Drum of a !ashing achine
rincipal function is to agitate the clothes atspecified speeds for specified times
%wo secondary functions necessary are
/ 5 measuring function to sequence and controlactivities
/ 5 power regulating function to give the currentrequired to get the speed
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
Example !ashing "achine Drum
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5nother e#ample
where our principlefunctions need more
sub1functions topreform the needs
completely
drummotor
splash shield
leg
Concrete
Mix spills
out of drum
Tilt Mixer
& Frame
by pushing
on Handlestippingplate
pivot
blades
wheel
STAND
MIXER UNITframe
D. Difficulty with Conceptual DesignExample Concrete "ixing "achine
Provide and Assist Mixing
Provide Rotating Facility
Provide Start and Stop Switches
Provide Flexible Operation
Provide Mixing Volume
Provide Cut Off
Provide for Easy Cleaning
Provide Mixing Agent (Blades)
Rotate the Bowl
Provide Strength to the Bowl
Provide Support Permitting Rotation
Provide Maintenance-Free Operation
Provide Non-Sticking Exterior
Provide Power Assistance for Mixing
Provide Tilting f acility to the Bowl
Provide Non-Sticking Interior
Provide Controls
Provide Easy Loading and Unloading (Open Mouth)
Provide Emergency Stop
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
Example !ashing "achine Drum
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unction eans %ree whencompleted is an effective way ofshowing the conceptual design
.t is a useful method to developconceptual designs
.t essentially has twocomponents ,unctions- and,eans-
ENLARGE &PROJECT IMAGE
SLIDE PROJECTORPRINCIPLE
OHPPRINCIPLE
EDISCOPEPRINCIPLE
DIFUSELIGHT
DIRECTLIGHT
TURNON/OFF
FOCUSLIGHT
DISPERSEHEAT
PROVIDEE-POWER
CARRYIMAGE
PROVIDEE-POWER
CHANGEDIRECTION
SUPPORTLAMP
REDUCENOISE
PROVIDELIGHT
TURNON / OFF
TRANSPAR-ENT FOIL
MAINS
ELECTRICLAMP
FRENSELLENS
CURVEDMIRROR
LENSSYSTEM
FAN
MIRROR
SOCKET
MECHANICALLYCOUPLEDSWITCH
E. #unction "eans Tree
E. #unction "eans Tree
.t helps to go beyond the terminology and to (nowwhat you-re really trying to do
%hin( of the &functionsB as what you must do
%hin( of the &meansB as how you might do it
%he unction1eans %ree is a tool for listing theprimary functions of a design and various means of
achieving those functions
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E. #unction "eans Tree
3efore you start too far down the path of &brainstormingBvarious design alternatives4
Determine the primary functions that are required
Show these on the top level of the tree
=ist various means by which each function may beimplemented
Show these on the ne#t level of the tree
Determine secondary functions that would result fromimplementing each of the means
Show these on the ne#t level of the tree %he tree continues to alternate between means and
functions until you reach a reasonable termination point
E. #unction$"eans TreeExample %ighter
.0).%E=E5?
5%ER.5=S
Electrically2eated!ire
5pply heatto leafy
materials
0enerateelectriccurrent
!all1outlet1
based system
3attery1based
system
Controlelectricalcurrent
Convert chemicalenergy to
electrical current
Storeelectricity
Convertelectricity
to heat
iniatureheat pump
Resistive wire
rotectusers frompost1usage
burns
ocusedSunlight
=aser lame
Store fuelControlflame
.gnite fuel
Spar(Electricalresistance
rotectelectric
current fromflame
0enerateelectric current
Supply fuelfor flame
3utane 0asoline
Function
eans
Primary function
Possible means of achieving
the primary functionSecondary functions
Secondary means
Tertiary functions
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#. "orphological Analysis
5ims to generate the complete range of alternative
design solutions for a product and hence to widen the
search for potential new solutions
=ist the features or functions that are essential to the
product
or each feature or function list the means by which it
might be achieved
Draw up a chart containing all the sub1solutions
.dentify feasible combinations of sub1solutions
.t is a useful method to develop conceptual designs
.t essentially has two components ,unctions- and ,eans-
#. "orphological Analysis
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Fnce the various functions at various levels are (nown$ wefind the principles at wor( for each of the functions andsub1functions %he wor(ing principle must be based on thephysical effect needed to achieve the given function basedon the flow of materials$ energy$ and information withineach function Each function may be achieved in a number
of ways
.n some cases$ there are as many as eight possible ways toachieve the same function %he general idea is to identifyas many means possible to achieve the same functional
requirement %he following igure shows a orphological Chart e#tracted
from a classification scheme once for a for(lift truc( andother for mechanical vegetable collection system
#. "orphological Analysis
#. "orphological Analysis$ Example #or&lift Truc&
Steering Turningwheels
RailsAir
thrust
Param-eters
Possible Solutions
Moving Airthrust
Powerto wheels
Haulingalong acable
Linearinduction
motor
Trans-mission
Hydraulic Gears &shafts
Belts orchains
Flexiblecable
StoppingReversepower Brakes
Blocksunder
wheels
Drag aweight onthe floor
Support WheelsAir
cushionTracks Slides Spheres
Power Electric Bottledgas Petrol Diesel Steam
Lifting ScrewHydraulic
ram
Rack &pinion
Chain orrope hoist
Operator Seatedat front
Seatedat rear
Standing Walking Remotecontrol
Means
FUNCTION
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A Working
Structures
for a
Mechanical
Vegetable
Collection
System
#. "orphological Analysis$ Example mechanical vegeta'le collection system
(. Concepts) Elicitation5lternative concepts can easily generated from the
orphological Chart as shown@
Alt., 3
Alt., 2
Alt., 1
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*. Ethics at the Conceptual
Stage
.n your groups discuss how ethical issues ormoral theories could be relevant at theconceptual stage
a(e a list of your findings and try to thin( ofsome e#amples
!e shall discuss it after you complete your groupdiscussion
*!
Develop a morphological chart for deviceyou are intending to design$ and define the
three most acceptable conceptualalternatives for your design
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