Concepts from the future…. Overview of Basic APHG Concepts Human geography is all about...

Concepts from the future…

Overview of Basic APHG Concepts

•Human geography is all about identifying patterns, analyzing statistics and discovering what they can tell us about our world.

•We will discuss these concepts in each regional unit in Pre-AP and analyze them even further in AP Human.

•They are important to know and understand!!

Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress

More Developed Country (MDC): have a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. The criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.

Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress

Less Developed Country (LDC):Meets three criteria:

PovertyHuman resource weakness

(poor nutrition, health, education and adult literacy)

Economic vulnerability: unstable agricultural production, lacking exports of goods and services, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters

Human Development Index (HDI)•Developed by the United Nations, the HDI

combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries

Core- Periphery Model

Fig. 9-22: This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.

This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.

3 important things about POPULATION

•More people than ever before

•World population has increased at a faster rate after 1950’s than ever before

•AND almost all population growth is concentrated in less developed countries (LDC’s)

World and Country Population TotalsDistribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of

earth's surface!

Total: 7.046 billion as of 2012

Current Population counter: http://www.worldometers.info/

Five most populous regions and countriesREGION POP. COUNTRY POP.

• East Asia 1.5 billion China1.366 billion• South Asia 1.2 billion India 1.237 billion• Europe 750 million U.S. 318 million• SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 247 million• East N. Am. 120 million Brazil 203 million

What can population pyramids tell us?

What can we infer?

Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located?

IT’S NIGERIA!!

Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located?

IT’S DENMARK!!

IT’S JAPAN!!

Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located?

1958: 3RD LARGEST TYPHOON EVER

Demography•Scientific study of population characteristics that

analyzes population trends and predicts future occurrences based on current statistics

•Statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

The Demographic Transition Model: seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today. Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model.

Demographic Transition Model•Stage one

▫Birth/death rate high▫Fragile population

•Stage two▫Lower death rates▫Infant mortality rate high▫Natural increase high

•Stage three▫Indicative of richer developed countries▫Higher standards of living/education

•Stage Four▫Birth/death rates are almost =▫Zero Population Growth ▫Most Northern and Western Euro countries

Overpopulation • When consumption of natural resources by people outstrip the ability of a natural region to replace those natural resources.

Culture• the sum total of the

knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society

• Basically, what people care about

• Place where ideas, culture, and innovations spread from

Hearth

• The spread of a culture element or some other phenomena

Diffusion

Ethnicity & Conflict

•Ethnic group: people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

•Ethnic Conflict: an armed conflict between ethnic groups.

Types of Religion

• Very influential in cultures• Religion Categories:1. Monotheistic

• Belief in one god2. Polytheistic

• Belief in many gods3. Animistic

• Belief in divine forces in nature

How religions spread throughout the world:

•Religion spreads through diffusion and converts.

FAITH FOLLOWERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD…

These are estimations!!

Religions and Region

Abrahamic Religions

• Judaism:▫ Created (and

mostly practiced) in Israel

▫ Established more than 3,200 years ago

▫ Oldest monotheistic religion

▫ Basic laws & teachings come from Torah (Holy book)

• Christianity:▫ Evolved from the

teachings of Judaism (2,000 yrs. ago)

▫ Monotheistic▫ Based on teachings

of Jesus Christ (Son of God to Christians)

▫ New Testament of Bible

▫ Found on every continent

• Groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox

• Islam:▫ Based on

teachings of Prophet Muhammad

▫ Monotheistic▫ God is Allah

(Arabic)▫ Close ties to

Judaism and Christianity

▫ Holy Book = Qur’an

▫ 2 major divisions: Sunni and

Shiite

Diffusion of Christianity

Diffusion of Islam

Islam is considered the fastest growing religion in America.

• Hinduism:▫One of the

world’s oldest religions (dates back 5,000 years)

▫“Ethnic” religion (India)

▫Polytheistic▫One or

many gods represent an aspect of the divine spirit, Brahman

▫Includes a Caste system (shapes lives and culture)

• Buddhism:▫ Offshoot of Hinduism▫ Developed in India

(563 B.C.)• Founder: Siddhartha

Gautama (Buddha/Enlightened One)▫ Rejected Hindu caste

system▫ Focused teachings on

correct way to live to reach enlightened spiritual state called NIRVANA

Hindu Caste System

Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River

Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

http://mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.htmlCLICK LINK!

Types of Government

• Representative Democracy: Citizens hold political power; “Rule by the People” (U.S.)

• Monarchy: A ruling family, headed by a king or queen, holds political power (UK)▫ What is a constitutional

monarchy?

•Dictatorship: An individual or group holds COMPLETE political power (North Korea, Cuba)▫Military dictatorship: where the government

resides within the military.

Economic Systems• Traditional:

“Barter”; trade without use of money

• Command: Government determines and owns all means of production

• Market: “Capitalism”; based on Supply and Demand—consumers play large role

• Mixed: Combination of command and market

Folk and Popular Culture• After reading the article and taking notes on your T-

chart, you are going to create a collage to represent both folk and pop culture.

• Divide you paper in half to represent either side and cut images from the magazines to portray aspects of folk and pop culture.

• Items to include for both sides, but not limited to: ▫ clothing, leisure time, food, housing, music, religion, art,

jobs, physical landscape, locations of both, how each diffuses, hearths

• For each example you get from one side, try to get the same example for the other side (for instance: pop

clothing and folk clothing) 5 on each side!!!!