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COMS 465:Computer Mediated Communication
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Review
Computer Hardware
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Review
Computer Mediated Communication
Two technological components:
computers networks
Review - History of Computing
Review
Mechanical Computers
Review
Computer Generations
1st Generation (1950s)
Vacuum Tubes
Machine Language
UNIVAC
2nd Generation (1960’s)
Transistors
High-Level Languages
Standards (ASCII)
IBM System/360
Computer Generations
3rd Generation (mid 1960’s - mid 1970’s)
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Timesharing
Networking Standards
Two “Laws” of computer performance
Moore’s Law
Metcalf’s Law
Review
Computer Generations
4th Generation (1975+)
Microprocessor (1972)
VLSI = more than 5000 transistors on a chip
Invented by Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel
Intel 4004
PC Revolution
MITS Altair
Apple I & II
Review
Computer Generations
5th Generation
Quantum Computers
Molecular Computers
Review
Slides online
Review
Today
Computer Hardware
Computer Definitions
Computer = (n.) a device that computes
Computing = (v.) to represent data in a physical object of some kind and get a result by manipulating this object in some way
4 basic operations of all “computers”
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
IPOS cycle
Computer
Computer System
Hardware
Physical components; elements of the IPOS Cycle
“The part of a computer that you can kick”
Software
Programs or Applications
Indicate how the physical components operate
Control the IPOS Cycle
Computer
IPOS cycle - Input
Computer
IPOS cycle - Input
Keyboard
Microphone
Mouse
Scanner
Computer
IPOS cycle - Processing
Computer
IPOS cycle - Processing
Microprocessor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Computer
IPOS cycle - Output
Computer
IPOS cycle - Output
Monitor
Speakers
Printer
Computer
IPOS cycle - Storage
Computer
IPOS cycle - Storage
RAM/ROM
Hard Drive
USB Drive
CD /DVD
How Computers Work
Data Representation
Element of the IPOS
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
Data Representation
Analog / Digital
Analog – Encode data as a function
of changes of a continuous scale;
represented mechanically by spatial
differences across a ruler or gear or
electrically with voltage variations
Digital – Encode data as discrete
elements. Digital computers use two
discrete variables (0,1); represented
either mechanically by a two position
switch or electrically with changes in
voltage (on/off) or electric charge (+/-)
Data Representation
Digital
G. W. F. Leibniz
Binary numbers
Mathematics with 2 variables
George Boole
Boolean Algebra – Reduce all logical processing to three operations AND, OR and NOT
Digital Computer = series of logic gates. Operate according to
Boolean algebra to determine the value of an output signal
(one or zero).
Data Representation
Numbering system
Base or Radix
Every numbering system has a base
We count in base 10 - Count from 1-9
but after 9 you have to carry over into the next column
We use base 60 for clock time - Count
from 1-59 and then carry over into the
next column
Data Representation
Numbering system
Digital Computer
Computers only have two possible states by which to represent data - high or low power circuit
Digital computers use base 2 or binary numbers
Base 2
Count 0-1; at 2, carry over into the next column
Perfect system for computers
0 = low power circuit (off)
1 = high power circuit (on)
Data Representation
Numbering system
Bit = Binary Digit
Smallest unit of information a
computer can use
Values
In base 10, each place value is a
power of ten (10, 100, 1000...)
In base 2, each place value is a
power of 2 (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64…)
Data Representation
Numbering system
Byte
8 bits – 00110101
256 possibilities; baseline measure for data size
Data Representation
Character Codes
Translate between digital world of
the computer and the human world
of decimal numbers and letters
ASCII – American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
Examples
dog = 01100100 01101111 01100111
cat = 01100011 01100001 01110100
Binary encoder
Hardware
Input
How you get data into the computer
Transforms information into digital format
Hardware
Input Devices
Hardware
Biological Feedback Devices
Eye Tracking - Translates eye
movement into computer input
EEG Monitoring system Translates
brainwave states into computer input
Hardware
Hardware
Biological Feedback Devices
Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
Hardware
Processing
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Data processing performance depends
upon the features of the CPU
Hardware
CPU Components
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Memory Unit
Hardware
CPU Operations
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Write Back
Microprocessors go through the four-steps of the
machine cycle millions of times per second
Hardware
CPU Performance
Data Bus Width
How much data can get into and out
of the processor at one time
Measured in bits: 32-bit, 64-bit, etc.
Clock Speed
The operating speed of a microprocessor, defined as the rate at
which it performs internal operations.
Expressed in cycles per second
(megahertz)
Year Chip Bus Width Clock Speed1971 4004 4-bit 740 KHz 1979 8088 8-bit 8 MHz1982 80286 16-bit 12 MHz1985 80386 32-bit 33 MHz1989 Intel-486 32-bit 100 MHz1993 Pentium 32-bit 200 MHz1998 Pentium2 32-bit 400 MHz1999 Pentium3 32-bit 450 MHz 2000 Pentium4 32-bit 1.4 GHz2006 Core Duo 32-bit 2.0 GHz2007 Core 2 Quad 64-bit 2.4 GHz2010 Core i7 64-bit 3.3 GHz
Hardware
Output
How you get data out of the computer
Transforms digital information into human
accessible form
Hardware
Output
How you get data out of the computer
Transforms digital information into human
accessible form
Hardware
Output
Video Adapters and Monitors
Printers
Sound Cards and Speakers
Haptic Output devices
Hardware
Output
Video Adapters
Generates the visual image
Quality of visual display
Resolution Color Depth
Hardware
Output
Monitors
Display video adapter’s output
Types
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
Hardware
Output
HMD – Head Mounted Display
Invented by Ivan Sutherland (1968)
Commercialization
Oculus Rift
Google Cardboard
Hardware
Output
Printers – 2d & 3d
Hardware
Output
Audio
Haptics (touch)
Hardware
Storage
Volatile
High data transfer rates
Memory contents are erased when
power is turned off
Non-volatile
Slower data transfer rates
Retains information when power is
turned off
Hardware
Storage
Read Only Memory (ROM-BIOS)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Cache (CPU)
Disk Storage
Hardware
Storage
Device Access Speed Cost per MB
Cache Fastest Highest
RAM Fast High
Hard Disk Medium Medium
CD-ROM Slow Low
Floppy Disk Very Slow Lowest
Computer needs RAM to process data but it also needs Hard Disk and other
forms of non-volatile storage to store large programs and data files.
Memory
Storage
Summary
Computer Hardware
Data Representation
Hardware = Elements of
the IPOS Cycle
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
Preview
Computer Software
How you control the IPOS cycle
Texts/Activities
Timeline - Software & Languages
Sutcliffe - Hacking the Future (video)
Maker Exercise #1 - Code
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