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8/7/2019 Computers HW and SW
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Information System:Hardware and Software
Archana Mehta
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Contents
History of Computers
Evolution of IT Infrastructure
Computer System: Hardware Computer System: Software
Programming ± Languages
Types of Computer
Network
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History of Computers
Then Now
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Computer Evolution
1642 Blaise Pascal ± mechanical adding machine. Babbage¶smachine was the 1st general purpose mechanical digital computer.Later his analytical engine had a memory.
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Computer Evolution
Early 1800¶s Jacquard ± uses punch cards to control the patternof the weaving loom.
1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine
1890 Herman Hollerith ± invents a machine using punch card to
tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that wouldlater be IBM.
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Computer Evolution
1946 ± Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC (ElectronicNumerical Integrator And Computer ) computer, first electroniccomputer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania:
Miles of wiring
18,000
vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches
No monitor
3,000 blinking lights
Cost $486,000
100,000 additions per second
Weighed 30 tons
Filled a 30x50 foot room
Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted up
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Computer Evolution
1950s -
Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electroniccircuitry
Punch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)
100,000 additions/sec.
Used for scientific calculations
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Computer Evolution
1960s -
Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster,more reliable than vacuum tubes)
Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec.
Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing of computers to businesses
Data files stored on magnetic tape
Computer Scientists controlled operations
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Computer Evolution
Late 60¶s Early 70¶s
Integrated circuit boards
New input methods such as plotters, scanners
Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems
Improved programming languages
Storage capabilities expanded (disks)
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Computer Evolution
1970¶s Integrated circuits and silicone chips lead tosmaller microprocessors
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Computer Evolution
Late 80¶s to Current
Improved circuitry ± several thousand transistorsplaced on a tiny silicon chip.
Pentium chip named by Intel
Modems ± communication along telephone wires Portable computers: laptops
Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes
Emphasis on information needed by the decisionmaker.
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure Electronic Computing Machine Era ± 1930-1950:
Efficient for accounting tasks. Large and cumbersome machines. No programmers, and a human machine operator was the
operating system, controlling all system resource.
General Purpose Mainframe and Mini computer era: 1959 topresent: Introduced by UNIVAC computers and the IBM 700 Series. IBM dominated mainframe computing from 1965 onwardand still dominates this$27 billion global market in 2004.
Personal computing Era (1981 to present)
At first using the DOS operating system, a text-based commandlanguage, and later the Microsoft Windows operating system, theWindows operating system software on a computer with an Intelmicro- processor (Wintel PC computer) became the standarddesktop personal computer.
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure Client/Server era (1983 to present)
Desktop or laptop computers called clients are networked toserver computers that provide the client computers with a varietyof services and capabilities. Computer processing work is splitbetween these two types of machines. The client is the user pointof entry, whereas the server provides communication among the
clients, processes and stores shared data, or manages networkactivities. The term server refers to both the software applicationand the physical computer on which the network software runs.The server could be a mainframe, or a more powerful versions of personal computers.
Enterprise Internet computing era (1992 to present)
Networking standards and software tools integrate disparatenetworks and applications throughout the firm into an enterprise-wide infrastructure.
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure Cloud computing (2000 to present)
Cloud computing is Web-based processing, whereby shared resources,software, and information are provided to computers and other devices(such as smartphones) on demand over the Internt. Details are abstractedfrom the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over,the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them .
This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications thatusers can access and use through a web browser as if it were a programinstalled locally on their own computer. Typical cloud computing providersdeliver common business applications online that are accessed fromanother Web service or software like a web browser, while the softwareand data are stored on servers.
The major cloud service providers include Salesforce, Amazon andgoogle. Some of the larger IT firms that are actively involved in cloudcomputing are Fujitsu, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, IBM, VMware and Dell.
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure
Cloud Computing Conceptual Diagram
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IT Infrastructure Ecosystem
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Computer System: Hardware
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Computer Systems - Hardware
Hardware: The internal structure of computers, how they operate and how
they are used in solving computerproblems.
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Hardware Components
Memory
CPU
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
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Components of Hardware1. CPU - central processing unit is the brain of the computer.
Interprets and executes instructions, controls input and output. It is anintegrated circuit or ³chip´
CPU speed is measured by the number of completed instructionscycles per second. Currently, CPU speed ranges from 600 MHz to 4 gigahertz (GHz or billion cycles per second).
The three major components of the CPU are:Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)
Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics including theCPU are mounted.
CPU types: Intel Pentium II, III, IV Intel Celeron AMD Athlon
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Components of Hardware2. Memory (Primary): Stores information. Capacity measured in
Megabytes/Gigabytes and speed in Nanoseconds. Classificationof Memory:ROM (Read only Memory): Small, instructions are installed
permanently and check the computer resources.R AM (Random Access Memory): Main memory, temporary,
programs and data are stored while being processed.
3. Input devices: Units that gather information and transformthat information into a series of electronic signals for thecomputer. Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Tone Telephone, Touchscreens, Bar Code Scanner, Voice Recognition, Light Pen, ImageScanner etc.
4. Output devices: Devices that display, print or transmit theresults of processing from the computers memory.. Monitor,Printer, Voice and Music Speakers, Synthesizers
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Auxiliary Storage Devices Used to keep data when the power to the computer is turned off.
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particleson a disk or tape. They have a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years,depending on the device
Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on
the disk surface. They have an unlimited life-span. Hard disk Drive: Capacity is measured in Gigabytes (GB) is
magnetic storage device, is permanently installed. Used to storeapplication software, utilities and data.
Floppy disk drive capacity is 1.4 MB to 2 MB, magnetic.
CD-ROM Drives: capacity is 600 to 700 MBs.
Most mass-produced commercial softwareis packaged on a CD. Optical storage device.
Other types are: Zip Drive, Tape Drive,
DVD Drive
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Computer System: Software
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Computer System: Software
Software: Instructions and associateddata, stored in electronic format, that
direct the computer to accomplish atask.
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Layer Structure
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Types of Software
General-Purpose
Programs
Application-Specific
Programs
SystemManagement
Programs
SystemDevelopment
Programs
ApplicationSoftware
Computer Software
SystemSoftware
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System SoftwareSystem software: Systems software is the control software that
operates the hardware and allows the applications to run.Itincludes a combination of the following:
Device Drivers ± is a computer program allowing higher levelcomputer program to interact with hardware device
Operating System - Software that translates a computers
commands and allows application programs to interact with thecomputer¶s hardware
Servers - a computer program running as a service, to serve theneeds or requests of other programs (referred to in this contextas clients) which may or may not be running on the samecomputer
Utilities - designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and
maintain the computer Window System - basic support for graphics hardware, pointing
devices such as mice, and keyboards. The mouse cursor is alsogenerally drawn by the windowing system. Examples areMicrosoft Windows, Linux,
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Programming SoftwareProgramming software is a set of tools that include:
Compliers - set of programs that transforms source code writtenin a programming language into another computer language(the target language, often having a binary form known as object
code) Debuggers
Linkers or link editor: a computer progran that takes one orobjects generated by a complier and combines them into asingle executable program
Text Editors ± type of program used for editing plain text file,
used for changing configuration files and programming languagesource coed
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Functions of an Operating System
ResourceManagement
TaskManagement
User Interface
FileManagement
Utilities
and Other Functions
Managing memory, i.e. allocating memory to more than one programrunning simultaneously.
Interrupts, for Enter, Printer out of paper, or a hardware or softwaremalfunction.
Diagnostic checks on the system on Boot up, sending error messageswhere necessary.
Selecting and controlling peripheral devices through small Driver programs
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Application SoftwareApplication software is Easy-to-use programs designed to perform
specific tasks.
Typical applications include: Business Software V
ideo Games Databases Mathematical software Spreadsheet Word Processing Decision Making Software Simulation software Telecommunications Medical software
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Application SoftwareApplication software can be grouped into three categories: Generic:
general purpose for business; most common applications are Word Processing, Spreadsheet
& Database.
Most generic software for business comes in an integratedpackage such as: Microsoft Office Bespoke:
tailor made, specifically written for a specific application. An expensive but a perfect solution to a requirement when
there is no suitable package available. Often a one off piece of software written for a large
organisation as a perfect match to their needs Specific Task:
particular tasks for business; most common are payroll, CAD, and stock control. Cheaper to buy than separate packages
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Trends in Computer Software
FirstGeneration
SecondGeneration
ThirdGeneration
FourthGeneration
FifthGeneration
User-WrittenPrograms
MachineLanguages
PackagedPrograms
SymbolicLanguages
OperatingSystems
High-LevelLanguages
DBMSFourth-GenerationLanguages
Microcomputer Packages
Natural &Object-Oriented
LanguagesMultipurpose
Graphic- InterfaceNetwork-EnabledExpert-Assisted
Packages
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled ApplicationPackages for Productivity and Collaboration
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages andTools
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Programming
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Programming Language Programming languages allow a programmer to write instructions
that a computer can understand.
A program needs to be written in a language
There are many programming languages
Low-level, understandable by a computer
High-level, needs a translator! C++ is a high level programming language
A sequence of instructions
A program
(in computer language)
An algorthm
(in human language)
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Levels of programming language
Machine binary language: for machine to understand
Low-level assembly language
Mnemonic names for machine operations
Explicit manipulation of memory addresses
Machine-dependent
High-level language
Readable
Machine-independent
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Levels of programming language
² an example
Machine binary language Low-level assembly High-level
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Software Development Major activities
Editing (writing the program)
Compiling (creates .obj file)
Linking with compiled files(creates .exe file)
Object files Library modules
Loading and executing
Testing the program
Compile
Link
Library routines
Other object files
Think
Edit
Load
Execute
Source Program
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Categories of Programming Language
Machine Languages
Use binary coded
instructions
1001 10011100 1101
High Level Languages
Use brief statements
Compute X = Y + Z
Markup Languages
Use embedded
control codes
Assembler Languages
Use symbolic coded
instructionsLOD Y
ADD Z
Fourth Generation
Languages
Use natural statements
Object-Oriented
Languages
Define objects thatcontain data and actions
Document.write
(³Hi There´)
<H1>First heading</H><!ELEMENT Product
(#Item | manuf)>
SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS
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Types of Computers
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Types of Computer
Super Computers
Mainframe Computers
Minicomputers
Microcomputer/PC
Palmtop Computer
Calculator
Fast Expensive Complex Large
Slow Cheap Simple Small
Grouped according to speed, cost, size, and complexity.
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Super Computers
Largest category of computer
Cost millions
Mostly used for scientific and industrial
research: NASA, Stock Exchanges
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Mainframe
Large powerful computer often serving many connectedterminals.
Large expensive computer capable of simultaneouslyprocessing data for hundreds or thousands of users.
Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of datathat need to be reliable, secure, and centralized.
Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.
Mini Computerare similar to mainframes...they are used by business and
government to process large amounts of information.
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Personal Computer
are smaller and less powerful than theothers. They are used in homes, schools,and small businesses. 3 Main types of PC
are: Desktop
Portable (Notebook/Laptop)
Hand-Held (PDA - Personal Digi tal Assistant).
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Server
A computer that processes request for HTML andother documents that are components of Web pages.
Purpose is to ´serve.µ
A computer that has the purpose of supplying i tsusers wi th data; usually through the use of a LAN(Local Area Network).
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Network
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Network
Two or more computersand other devices
that are connected, for the purpose of
shar ing data, programs
and other system resources.
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Network
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Types of Network
Local Area Network (LAN) ± a network locatedin a limited area.
LANs are found in most businesses.
Many campuses use LANs.
Wide Area Network (WAN) ± a network thatcovers a large geographical area.
Internet - largest of all networks.
All types of networks require special networkinghardware and networking software to allowdifferent computers to communicate with eachother.
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Thank You
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