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Uni
vers
ity o
f Pun
e S.
E. I.
T.
Subj
ect c
ode:
214
442
Part
35
: Uni
vers
al S
eria
l Bus
Com
pute
r Org
aniz
atio
n
UN
IT
V
Tush
ar B
. Kut
e,
Dep
artm
ent o
f Inf
orm
atio
n Te
chno
logy
, Sa
ndip
Inst
itute
of T
echn
olog
y &
Res
earc
h Ce
ntre
, Nas
hik.
ht
tp:/
/tus
hark
ute.
com
USB
U
nive
rsal
Ser
ial B
us (U
SB) i
s a sp
ecifi
catio
n to
est
ablis
h co
mm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n de
vice
s and
a h
ost c
ontr
olle
r (us
ually
pe
rson
al c
ompu
ters
), de
velo
ped
and
inve
nted
by
Ajay
Bha
tt w
hile
w
orki
ng fo
r Int
el.
USB
is in
tend
ed to
repl
ace
man
y va
rietie
s of s
eria
l and
par
alle
l por
ts.
USB
can
con
nect
com
pute
r per
iphe
rals
such
as m
ice,
key
boar
ds,
digi
tal c
amer
as, p
rinte
rs, p
erso
nal m
edia
pla
yers
, fla
sh d
rives
, N
etw
ork
Adap
ters
, and
ext
erna
l har
d dr
ives
. Fo
r man
y of
thos
e de
vice
s, U
SB h
as b
ecom
e th
e st
anda
rd co
nnec
tion
met
hod.
USB
was
des
igne
d fo
r per
sona
l com
pute
rs, b
ut it
has
be
com
e co
mm
onpl
ace
on o
ther
dev
ices
such
as s
mar
tpho
nes,
PDA
s an
d vi
deo
gam
e co
nsol
es, a
nd a
s a p
ower
cord
. As o
f 200
8, th
ere
are
abou
t 2 b
illio
n U
SB d
evic
es so
ld p
er y
ear,
and
appr
oxim
atel
y 6
billi
on
tota
l sol
d to
dat
e.
So
urce
: Wik
iped
ia fr
ee e
ncyc
lopa
edia
.
Hist
oric
al B
ackg
roun
d-1
The
Uni
vers
al S
eria
l Bus
(USB
) is a
stan
dard
for p
erip
hera
l de
vice
s. It
beg
an d
evel
opm
ent i
n 19
94 b
y a
grou
p of
se
ven
com
pani
es: C
ompa
q, D
EC, I
BM, I
ntel
, Mic
roso
ft,
NEC
and
Nor
tel.
U
SB w
as in
tend
ed to
mak
e it
fund
amen
tally
eas
ier t
o co
nnec
t ext
erna
l dev
ices
to P
Cs b
y re
plac
ing
the
mul
titud
e of
con
nect
ors a
t the
bac
k of
PCs
, add
ress
ing
the
usab
ility
issu
es o
f exi
stin
g in
terf
aces
, and
sim
plify
ing
soft
war
e co
nfig
urat
ion
of a
ll de
vice
s con
nect
ed to
USB
, as
wel
l as p
erm
ittin
g gr
eate
r ban
dwid
ths f
or e
xter
nal
devi
ces.
The
firs
t sili
con
for U
SB w
as m
ade
avai
labl
e by
In
tel i
n 19
95
Hist
oric
al B
ackg
roun
d-2
The
USB
1.0
spec
ifica
tion
was
intr
oduc
ed in
Janu
ary
1996
. The
orig
inal
USB
1.0
spec
ifica
tion
had
a da
ta
tran
sfer
rate
of 1
2 M
bit/
s.
The
first
wid
ely
used
ver
sion
of U
SB w
as 1
.1, w
hich
w
as re
leas
ed in
Sep
tem
ber 1
998.
It a
llow
ed fo
r a 1
2 M
bit/
s dat
a ra
te fo
r hig
her-
spee
d de
vice
s suc
h as
di
sk d
rives
, and
a lo
wer
1.5
Mbi
t/s r
ate
for l
ow
band
wid
th d
evic
es su
ch a
s joy
stic
ks.
Hist
oric
al B
ackg
roun
d-3
The
USB
2.0
spec
ifica
tion
was
rele
ased
in A
pril
2000
an
d w
as st
anda
rdize
d by
the
USB
-IF a
t the
end
of
2001
. He
wle
tt-P
acka
rd, I
ntel
, Luc
ent T
echn
olog
ies (
now
Al
cate
l-Luc
ent f
ollo
win
g its
mer
ger w
ith A
lcat
el in
20
06),
NEC
and
Phi
lips j
oint
ly le
d th
e in
itiat
ive
to
deve
lop
a hi
gher
dat
a tr
ansf
er ra
te, w
ith th
e re
sulti
ng
spec
ifica
tion
achi
evin
g 48
0 M
bit/
s, a
fort
yfol
d in
crea
se o
ver 1
2 M
bit/
s for
the
orig
inal
USB
1.0
.
USB
feat
ures
Sim
ple
Conn
ectiv
ity.
Sim
ple
Cabl
es.
One
inte
rface
for m
any
devi
ces.
Au
tom
atic
Con
figur
atio
n.
No
user
set
ting.
Fr
ee h
ardw
are
reso
urce
s for
oth
er d
evic
es.
Hot P
lugg
able
.
USB
Con
nect
or
USB
Con
nect
ors
USB
3.0
USB
Dat
a
USB
dat
a sig
nals
are
bi-p
hase
sign
als.
U
sual
ly, IC
757
73 fr
om Te
xas i
nstr
umen
ts is
use
d as
bo
th th
e di
ffere
ntia
l lin
e dr
iver
and
rece
iver
. Th
e U
SB u
ses N
RZI (
Non
-Ret
urn
to Z
ero
Inve
rted
) da
ta e
ncod
ing
met
hod
for t
rans
mitt
ing
data
pac
kets
. In
this
met
hod,
the
signa
l lev
el d
oes n
ot c
hang
e fo
r th
e tr
ansm
issio
n of
logi
c 1. H
owev
er, i
t is i
nver
ted
for
each
cha
nge
to a
logi
c 0.
USB
inte
rfac
e us
ing
CMO
S bu
ffers
NRZ
I enc
odin
g sc
hem
e
Bit S
tuffi
ng
USB
Com
man
ds
Pack
et F
orm
ats
Data
Tra
nsfe
r Typ
es
Cont
rol T
rans
fer
Bulk
Tra
nsfe
r In
terr
upt T
rans
fer
Isoc
hron
ous
Tran
sfer
IEEE
488
Gen
eral
Pur
pose
Inte
rfac
e Bu
s
Talk
ers:
Cap
able
of p
uttin
g th
e da
ta o
n th
e bu
s fo
r tra
nsm
issio
n e.
g. ta
pe re
ader
s, d
igita
l vo
ltmet
ers,
freq
uenc
y co
unte
rs.
List
ener
s: C
apab
le o
f rea
ding
the
data
on
the
bus o
utpu
t by
talk
ers e
.g. p
rinte
rs, d
ispla
y de
vice
s.
Cont
rolle
rs: D
eter
min
es w
ho ta
lks a
nd w
ho
liste
ns o
n th
e bu
s e.g
. pro
gram
dev
ices
on
bus.
Refe
renc
es
Web
sites
: ht
tp:/
/en.
wik
iped
ia.o
rg
Com
pute
r Arc
hite
ctur
e an
d O
rgan
izatio
n
By A
. P. G
odse
(fro
m b
ooks
.goo
gle.
com
)
Com
pute
r Org
aniza
tion
By
Ham
ache
r and
Zak
y
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