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Computer Architecture
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Outline Computer hardware {section 1.2}
Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input devices Output devices Network connections
Computer software {section 1.3} System Application
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Memory
Memory is an essential component in any computer.
There are two types of memory:main/primary memory, and secondary memory (mass storage).
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Main Memory Stores information being processed by the
CPU. There are two types of main memory, RAM &
ROM.RAM – Random Access Memory: the part of main
memory that temporarily stores programs, data and results. It is volatile.
ROM – Read Only Memory: the part of main memory that permanently stores programs or data necessary for booting the computer.
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Secondary Memory Semi permanent data-storage capability
Magnetic• Tape• Floppy disk• Hard disk
Non-magnetic• CD-ROM or DVD• Memory stick/flash memory (USB drives)
Secondary memory usually has much more storage capacity than main memory.
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-27.2
354
H
75.62
Address Contents
0
1024
1
Anatomy of Memory The computer memory could be
visualized as a sequence of storage locations called memory cells.
Each memory cell has a unique address, so as to be able to store and retrieve information in the memory.
Storing a value in memory destroys the previous contents.
Retrieving a value from memory copies the content to another storage area for processing.
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2
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ADD 73
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Anatomy of Memory (cont’d) The smallest memory
unit to represent a 1 or 0 is called bit (binary digit).
8 bits make a byte, which is the place required to store a single character.
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CPU
“Brain” of the computer, where decisions are made, computations are
performed, and input/output requests are delegated.
CPU contains: Arithmetic/Logic Unit - carries out all arithmetic
and logical operations. Control unit - decodes and executes instructions. Registers - hold information and instructions for
CPU to process.
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CPU (cont’d)
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Input & Output Devices Input devices are accessories that allow people to supply
information to computers. Common input devices:
Keyboard Joystick Scanner
Output devices are accessories that allow people to receive information from computers.
Common output devices: Printer Monitor Speaker
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Basic Functional Components (1)
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Basic Functional Components (2)
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The Bus
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Computer Networks Allow multiple computers to connect together to
share resources and/or data. LAN - Local area network
Organizational WAN - Wide area network
Internet Requires additional hardware
Modems Ethernet interface
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World Wide Web
Most popular feature on the Internet; introduced in 1989
A collection of interconnected documents that may be accessed from any computer
Navigation needs a Web browser A program with a graphical user interface
(GUI) that displays the text and graphics in a Web document and activates the hyperlinks to other documents.
Examples: Netscape and IE
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Computer Hardware Components
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Computer Hardware Components
Source: Gaddis T. Starting Out With Games and Graphics in C++. Addison Wesley, 2010.
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System softwarePrograms that support the execution and
development of other programs.Major types:
• Operating systems• Utilities• Translation systems
Application softwarePrograms designed to perform specific tasks
to the user.
Computer Software
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Controls and manages the computing resources. It controls: the interaction of system with the user, and the hardware interactions.
Important services that an operating system (OS) provides are: File system. Commands that allow for manipulation of the file system. Ability to perform input and output on a variety of devices. Management of the running systems.
Part of the OS (required to boot the system) is usually stored on ROM, and the rest on hard drive.
Examples: MSDOS ®, Windows ®, Unix ®
Operating System
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Application Software Application software is the software that has
made using computers indispensable and popular.
Common application software:Word processorsDesktop publishing programsSpreadsheetsPresentation managersDrawing programs
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