Comprehensive Ultrasound Research Platform Emma Muir Sam Muir Jacob Sandlund David Smith Advisor:...

Comprehensive Ultrasound Comprehensive Ultrasound Research PlatformResearch Platform

Emma MuirSam MuirJacob SandlundDavid Smith

Advisor: Dr. SánchezCo-advisor: Dr. Irwin

OutlineOutlineIntroductionSystem

◦ Block Diagram / Functional Description◦ Requirements

Progress

Ultrasound IntroductionUltrasound IntroductionPiezoelectric Transducer

◦Pulse ExcitationChanges in density reflect waves

ObjectiveObjectiveCreate an Ultrasound Research Platform

◦ Image Creation◦Multi-pin

Beamforming

◦Sigma Delta Architecture 1-bit ADC

◦Arbitrary Waveforms Coded excitation signals Configurable delays

MotivationMotivationImprove Ultrasound TechniquesMedical Applications

◦Detecting tumors and abnormalitiesFuture Research

SignificanceSignificanceTest codes (arbitrary) for

better imagingMulti-pin to allow

BeamformingArchitecture reduces cost

and size◦RASMUS

Two 19 inch racks

◦Sigma Delta vs. 12+ bit DAC

Progress

Block DiagramBlock Diagram

PC Data ProcessingPC Data Processing

Pulse Compression

Delay Sum Beamforming

Time-Gain Compensation

Envelope Detection

Receive Data

Log Compression

Progress

System RequirementsSystem RequirementsUp to 8 transducer channelsExcitations <= 3 μs

◦Time-bandwidth product of 40High frequency design

◦Signal to noise ratio (SNR) > 50 dB

Sigma Delta ModulationSigma Delta Modulation

< 10% MSE500 M samples/secondTrade off

◦Accuracy vs. Stability◦OSR = 16 (must be a power of 2)◦Order = 2nd

FPGA RequirementsStore data on DDR2

◦62.5 MHz ◦8 waveforms◦1536 bits per waveform

Output Data◦8 Individualized Pins◦Delays of up to 5 s◦500 MHz

FPGA to PC CommunicationUART

◦115200 baudSend waveform dataAssign waveform to pinsAssign delay to pinsStart transmission

Data Processing◦Less than 2 minutes

Display an image ◦Depths between 0.25 cm and 30 cm.◦Adjust contrast

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Progress

ProgressID Task Name % Complete

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

40%Design and Test Analog Components

90%Finalize FPGA Signal Transmission

100%Create / Test UART connection logic

100%Design / Test Delay Sum Beamforming

15%Design Analog Front End Settings

90%Design and Test all MATLAB code

100%Design GUI for Depth/Contrast

0%Test Amplifier with Sigma Delta Signal

0%Rewrite MATLAB code in C

70%Test UART / FPGA Outputs

0%Test Analog Front End Capturing

0%Test Complete Analog System/Probe

0%Combine and Test all C Code

0%Test Complete System

0%2011 Student Scholarship Exposition

0%Write Presentation and Final Report

0%Final Presentation

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Amplifier ProgressDifferent designs examined

◦H-Bridge

◦2 MOSFETs Push-pull RF MOSFET

◦1 MOSFET N-channel RF MOSFET Final Design

Amplifier Progress

Discuss problems/solutions

Amplifier Progress

T/R Switch ProgressT/R Switch Progress

U 1TX8 1 0

I N 15

I N 26

I N 37

I N 48

I N 59

I N 61 0

I N 71 1

I N 81 2

O U T11 3

O U T21 4

O U T31 5

O U T41 6

O U T51 7

O U T61 8

O U T71 9

O U T82 0

F R E Q = 2 M e gV A M P L = XV O F F = 0

O U T1O U T2O U T3O U T4O U T5O U T6O U T7O U T8

O U T1R 2

1 5 p V B O U T2R 3

1 5 p V BR 4

O U T3

1 5 p V B O U T4R 5

1 5 p V B

O U T5R 6

1 5 p O U T6R 7

1 5 p O U T7R 8

1 5 p O U T8V BR 9

1 5 p V BV BV B V BV B

T/R Switch ProgressT/R Switch Progress

0s 0.2us 0.4us 0.6us 0.8us 1.0us 1.2us 1.4us 1.6us 1.8us 2.0usV(OUT1) MAX(V(OUT1))- MIN(V(OUT1))

PCB ProgressFootprints

◦TX810 Transmit/Receive

Switch

◦RF MOSFET Set INTO board

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

FPGA ProgressArbitrary transmissionOutput verified

◦500 MHzMulti-pin

◦Currently 4◦Adjustable

Arbitrary length◦Must be 256 bit pieces

Adjustable delays of < 33 ms33

FPGA Flowchart Progress

Receive Waveform

Data(UART)

Store to Memory

Is Signal to Transmit

Request Waveform Data

Transmit to Pin(X8)

Is Data Received?

Delay (X8)Delay (X8)

FPGA RemainingFix storing waveform data from UART

◦ Inconsistent resultsIncrease delays precision

◦After data retrievedMake output more exactChange to 8 pins

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

UART ProgressUART

◦115200 baud worksPC to FPGA Communication

◦Start transmission signal◦Set waveforms to pins◦Set delays for pins◦Waveform data

Inconsistent

383838

Waveform GUI FeaturesWaveform GUI FeaturesMultiple selectionAutomatic pin settings removalSave/Load settingsCheck files exist when loading settingsLet “None” represent an array of 0’s

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

FPGA Results

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x 10-6

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x 10-6

Time (s)

Delayed

Cross-talk Cross-talk

FPGA Results

-5 0 5

Normalized Correlation

Sample number

Max Corr. = 0.97

FPGA Results

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Analog Front End Results

Source: Analog Devices UG-016 http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/user_guides/UG-016.pdf

AlternativesAnalog Front End

◦12 bit resolution◦80 MSPS

Lecroy High Speed Oscilloscope◦725Zi ◦8 bit Resolution◦20 GSPS◦4 Channels

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

BeamformingBeamforming

Delay based on distance from point to sensor and distance from sensor to focal point

Note: No delay at the Focal Point

Sensors

Focal Point

Without Beamforming With Beamforming

AttenuationAverage frequency attenuation in tissue

◦ 0.5 dB/cm/MHz ◦ 5e-5 dB/m/Hz

Doubled for ultrasound imagingFrequency = 8MHzMaximum depth = 30cmMaximum attenuation = 240dBImage dB range = 0dB to -50dB

Time Gain CompensationBased on depth of point in imageAtt = 1dB/cm/MHzTGC = Att*Depth*8MHzAdd to compensateNote that this increases white noise for

larger depths

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Sigma Delta RepresentationSigma Delta Representation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1

Without Pre-Enhanced MagnitudeWithout Pre-Enhanced Magnitude

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

x 10-5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

x 10-5

Correlation = 0.9763

Pre-Enhanced MagnitudePre-Enhanced Magnitude

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

x 10-6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

x 10-6

With Pre-Enhanced MagnitudeWith Pre-Enhanced Magnitude

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

x 10-5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

x 10-5

Correlation = 0.9916

Sigma Delta FeaturesSigma Delta FeaturesEasy to modify

◦Frequency◦Period◦Waveform equation◦Number of samples

Pre-Enhanced MagnitudeChecks/displays correlationWrites output to a file as 0’s and 1’s

Sigma Delta AdditionsSigma Delta AdditionsGUI interface for entering

◦Frequency◦Period◦Waveform equation

Select location to save fileInterface with Waveform GUI

REC ResultsMATLAB simulation150% of original bandwidthLinear chirp frequencies

◦1.14 times the bandwidth◦Reduce side-lobes during pulse compression

Apply to finished system

h1(n) * c1(n) = h2(n) * c2(n)

Pulse Compression Results MATLAB simulationWiener filterSNR of 60 dBInput is REC pre-enhanced chirpVaried Smoothing Factor (SF)

◦Operating Point

Field II Simulations

REC Excitation and Pulse Compression

SF = 0.1

Impulse Excitation 67

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

MATLAB GUI FeaturesMATLAB GUI FeaturesDepth from 2mm to 231mmMax dB range from 10dB to 60dBUpdate chart settings automaticallyUpdate data in 54s

MATLAB GUI

MATLAB GUI AdditionsMATLAB GUI AdditionsDepth from 2mm to 300mmRestrict max dB to 40dB to 60dBAllow user to type value or scrollMinimize update timeConvert to C

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011

1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27 3/6 3/13 3/20 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1

Additional InformationAdditional InformationVisit

http://cegt201.bradley.edu/projects/proj2011/ultra/index.html

Acknowledgments Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Analog Devices

and Texas instruments for their donation of parts.

This work is partially supported by a grant from Bradley University (13 26 154 REC)

Dr. IrwinDr. LuMr. MattusMr. SchmittAndy Fouts

ReferencesReferences[1] J. A. Zagzebski, Essentials of Ultrasound Physics, St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1996.

[2] R. Schreier and G. C. Temes. Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Converters, JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

[3] R. Schreier, The Delta-Sigma Toolbox Version 7.3. Analog Devices, Inc, 2009.

[4] T. Misaridis and J. A. Jensen. “Use of Modulated Excitation Signals inMedical Ultrasound,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr. Freq. Contr., vol. 52, no. 2,pp. 177-191, Feb. 2005.

[5] M. Oelze. “Bandwidth and Resolution EnhancementThrough Pulse Compression,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr. Freq. Contr., vol. 54,no. 4, pp. 768-781, Apr. 2007.

[6] Mitzner, Kraig. Complete PCB Design Using OrCad Capture and PCB Editor,Newnes, 2009.

References Cont.References Cont.[7] Montrose, Mark I. Printed Circuit Board Design Techniques For EMC Compliance:A Handbook for Designers, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2000.

[8] J.A. Jensen. Field: A Program for Simulating Ultrasound Systems, Paper presentedat the 10th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Imaging Published in Medical &Biological Engineering & Computing, pp. 351-353, Volume 34, Supplement 1, Part 1,1996.

[9] Kai E. Thomenius. Evolution of Ultrasound Beamformers, IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelectr. Freq. Contr., pp. 1615-1622, 1996.

[10] J.A. Jensen and N. B. Svendsen. Calculation of pressure fields from arbitrarilyshaped, apodized, and excited ultrasound transducers, IEEE Trans. Ultrason.,Ferroelec., Freq. Contr., 39, pp. 262-267, 1992.

[11] Kjærgaard, Nina. "RASMUS." Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging. Technical University of Denmark, 28 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Feb. 2011. <http://www.dtu.dk/centre/cfu/English/research/facilities/RASMUS.aspx>.

Questions?Questions?

Without TGC With TGC

Using Delta as the Excitation Signal

Using REC (chirp)

Comprehensive Ultrasound Research Platform Emma Muir Sam Muir Jacob Sandlund David Smith Advisor:...

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