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Comparative Anatomy
Circulation
Putting all cells in contact with the surrounding environment!
Circulation Organisms of small number of cells
DO NOT need circulation structures ALL cells are in contact with environment
for food, gases, and waste removal
Organisms of Large Number of Cells need circulation structures due to not all
cells being in contact with the environment Substances made/collected in one part of
the organism are needed in another part. Transportation Structures are needed.
Protozoa No Circulation
Structures Only one cell All cells in contact
with the environment
Hydra No circulatory
structures 2-cells thick All cells in contact
with the Environment
Planaria No circulation
structures Yes, multi-celled,
but the organism is flat.
All cells are in contact with environment
Earthworm Closed Circulatory
System 5 pairs of “hearts” Dorsal blood vessel
(along back) - to head Ventral blood vessel
(along belly) - to tail Branches off at each
segment and connects both top/bottom vessels.
Grasshopper Open Circulation
System “Heart” Dorsal Blood Vessel trickles through the
spaces between cells (no blood vessels)
Returns back to heart.
Human Closed Circulation 4-chambered Heart Right - to Lungs Left - to Body Pathway:
Body, Rt. Atrium, Rt. Ventricle, Lungs, Lt. Atrium, Lt. Ventricle, Aorta, Body
Arteries AWAY from heart carry oxygen-rich
blood thick, elastic walls
to handle pressure allow to expand
under pressure
Capillaries smallest of blood
vessels allow one blood cell
through at a time material exchange
occurs here. Unites arteries with
veins. BP drops
Veins TOWARDS Heart collect blood after pass
through capillaries. Thin walled, less elastic one-way valves near Skeletal Muscles
help pump blood back to heart.
Exercise is important
Blood Pressure Body sensors
too low - surrounding smooth muscles contract too high - surrounding smooth muscles relax
Kidneys too high - remove water too low - re-absorb more water
Blood 4-6 liters of blood 45% of Blood
Red Blood Cells (RBC) White Blood Cells
(WBC) Platelets
55% Plasms
Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin
Iron containing protein that increases the blood’s ability to carry oxygen
Produced in Bone Marrow
No Nucleus Life span 120 days Replace 1% each day
White Blood Cells Do not contain
hemoglobin Made in bone marrow Have nuclei (long life -
many months / years) Immunity Function
destroy foreign invaders (bacteria, virus, parasites, etc.)
Platelets Blood Clotting proteins reach cut, become
“sticky” and clump together - clot forms
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