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Combustion and Carbon Cycle 2.0
Robert K. ChengCombustion Technologies GroupEnvironmental Energy Tech. Div
Feb 3, 2010
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Combustion Provides > 83% of Our Energy
• Burning fossil fuels will be a major energy source for the foreseeable future
• Near term carbon reduction by
– fuel switching
– efficiency enhancement of combustion systems
• Long term carbon reduction from combustion by
– renewable fuel sources
– advanced combustion for renewable fuels
– carbon capture and storage
Primary EnergyConsumption (Quads) Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Renewable
Transportation 27.7 26.2 0.7 0.8
Industrial 20.8 1.9 8.7 8.2 2.1
Residential & Commercial 10.8 0.1 1.7 8.2 0.7
Electricity Gen. 39.8 20.5 0.4 6.8 8.4 3.7
TOTAL (Quads) 99.1 22.4 37.0 23.9 8.4 7.32008 U.S. Energy consumption
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Combustion Technologies Vary by Energy Sector
Electricity GenerationGas turbines & Coal Boilers 100-400 MWMetrics – long duty cycle (20,000+ hrs), highly reliable, fuel-flexible, ultra-low emissions
Aviation – Jet engines 5 - 22 MWMetrics – highly reliable, high power density, fuel efficient
Land & Sea Transport –Reciprocating engines60 kW – 7 MW Metrics – fuel efficient,durable, low emissions
Residential –Gas burners 10 – 100 kWMetrics – safe, durable,ultra-low emissions Commercial & Industrial –
gas & oil burners 1 – 30 MWMetric – high efficiency, ultra-low emissionslong duty cycle (24/7 operation)
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Wide Spectrum of Combustion Science & Engineering Topics
• Combustion is humankind’s oldest technology – reducing emissions and increasing efficiency present many challenges
• Combustion integrates multi-scale dynamic interactions between chemistry, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics
• Combustion R&D targets specific needs of each energy sector
Chemistry:Fuel Type: solid, liquid, gasOxidizer: air, O2, diluents
Combustion mode: Premixed, Non-premixed, Partially premixed
Thermodynamics :Phase change, heat releaseInflow temperature and pressure
Fluid mechanics : steady flows, transient flows,velocity, turbulence, & shear
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Near Term – Carbon Reduction by Fuel Switching
• Burning gaseous fossil fuel is cleanest and most efficient– Replacing coal with natural gas for electricity generation– Producing syngases from coal gasification – Vaporizing liquid fuels– Fueling land vehicles with gaseous fuels
• Reciprocating engines or fuel-cells– Charging electric land vehicles with electricity generated
from natural gas and syngases• Technology challenges
– Developing fuel-flexible combustion systems– Meeting stringent emissions standards for stationary
combustion systems– Fuel distribution and storage
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Near term – Increasing Efficiency to Reduce Carbon
• Increased firing pressure & temperature and reduce system losses– Gas turbines
• Ultra-low emissions combustion concepts• Advance materials for higher temperature combustion
– Waste heat recovery• Technology integration: gas/steam turbines, gas
turbines/fuel cells, gas turbine/steam boilers– Advanced reciprocating engines
• Direct injection, homogeneous charge compression ignition & active controls
• Challenges– Optimize emissions/efficiency trade-off
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Combustion Research at LBNL
• Chemistry– Combustion chemistry at the
molecular scale (CSD and EETD)– Detailed chemical measurements
of low pressure flames using soft X-ray probes (ALS)
– Chemical mechanisms for flame modeling (EETD)
• Premixed Turbulent Flames– Numerical simulations (CRD)– Fundamental studies of
flame/turbulence interactions and technology transfer (EETD)
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Bridging Science-Technology Gap
• LBNL’s low-swirl burner evolved from laboratory tool to clean combustion technology
– Developed for basic studies of flame/turbulence interactions
• supports stable ultra-low NOx lean premixed flames
– Scientific underpinnings facilitate adaptation to 5 kW to 200 MW systems
• residential furnaces & water heaters• commercial & industrial heaters• gas turbines operating on natural
gas, digester gas, syngases & H2
• Petroleum refining process heaters– Enabling technology for next-generation
advanced combustion systemsLow-swirl injector for Taurus 70 gas turbine
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Low-Swirl Burner Exploits Self-Propelling Natureof Turbulent Premixed Flame
LSB swirler Quartzcombustor
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Technology Transfer Provides Useful Feedback to
Prioritize Basic Research• Natl. Labs./University/Industry collaboration
to develop low-swirl burner for high-hydrogen fuel gas turbines in clean coal power plants
– Turbulent flame studies at gas turbine conditions
– Chemical kinetics of H2 and syngases– Heat release models for H2 and syngas
• Laminar and turbulent flames • Turbulence effects on NOx
– High fidelity computational tools for engineering design
• Challenges– High-hydrogen fuel systems operate in
combustion regimes outside of traditional engineering design practicesSimulations (top) gives a window into
combustion processes that cannot be measured by experiments (bottom)
Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Carbon Cycle 2.0Combustion Science & Technology Loop
Heating Power* Land & Sea transport
Aviation
Fuel Treatment/ Generation
Biomass gasification cleanup
Coal/Biomass gasificationcleanup
Bio-dieselBio-gasoline
Bio-jet fuels
Combustion Chemistry
Turbulent Combustion Fluid Mechanics
Stationary premixed flames at atmospheric condition
Stationary premixed flames at high P & T
Transient and stationary premixed flames at high P& T
Stationary partially premixed flames at high P & T
Technology Needs
Fuel-flexible burners
Airfoils, fuel-flexible burners, advanced materials
Battery, new concept IC engines, controls
Fuel atomizer and injector
Combustion Devices
Furnaces, Ovens10 kW –30+ MW
Gas turbines100 kW –400 MW
Recip-enginesgas turbines60 kW - 7 MW
Prop engines Jet enginesup to 22 MW
* Exclude direct coal-fired systems
chemical kinetics and transport
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Combustion and CC 2.0| Feb. 3, 2010
Long Term – Examples of Combustion Technology Needs
• Reciprocating and jet engines for bio-fuels– Combustion properties of biofuels dictate their suitability for
advanced concepts (e.g. HCCI engines)• Near-zero emissions coal power plants
– gasification and separation technologies– ultra-low emission fuel-flexible gas turbines– carbon capture and storage technologies
• Fuel-cell/gas-turbines hybrid systems• Opportunities for LBNL
– New simulation capabilities offer game-changing possibilities for designing new combustion systems
– Combustion chemistry of bio-fuels and renewable fuels– Advance materials and electro-chemistry
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