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COLONIES TAKE ROOT
The First English Settlements: England Seeks Colonies
England begins to set up colonies in the New World
The first English colony in the Americas was on any island off of North Carolina It was on Roanoke Island The first colony was established in 1585,
but was abandoned one year later The next try to colonize the island was in
1587, and the colonists mysteriously disappeared
Founding Jamestown
In 1607, a group wanted to head to America to colonize and started the Virginia Company
The group sailed to with the blessing of King James I
The group landed in what is now Virginia and built a fort called Jamestown This will be the first permanent English
settlement in the Americas
Jamestown Struggles
The land was very swampy, many settlers got diseases and died in the first summer
The settlers also struggled farming They were not farmers, they were
businessmen By spring 1608, only 38 of the original 100
colonists are alive
John Smith to the Rescue!
London sent over John Smith in the fall of 1608 He also brought over the
first English women to America
He made new, tough laws for the settlers to follow
He sometimes stole food from the local Indians
In 1609, Smith returns to England and Jamestown gets bad again
Jamestown Prospers
The crop they found to sustain the colony was tobacco, native to America The success of tobacco drew more English to settle
in America The colonists created a representative
government called The House of Burgesses This was the first representative government in
America In 1616, a Dutch ship brought the first African
slaves to Virginia At the time, these slaves were not meant to be
permanent slaves
The Plymouth Colony
King Henry VIII said that everyone in England needed to join the Church of England, of which he was the head
Separatists, those who wanted to be separate from the church, decided to move away
They first went to Holland, then decided to settle in Virginia
We call these people pilgrims, people who take a religious journey
The Mayflower Compact
The pilgrims did not land in Virginia They faced bad weather on their journey
and went off course landing in Massachusetts
They created their own rules called the Mayflower Compact It said that office holders would be elected
by adult males This was the first document in America
where the people claimed the right to govern themselves
The First Thanksgiving
The pilgrims arrived at Plymouth too late in the year and had difficulty planting crops During the winter of 1620-1621, half of the
colonists died of disease or starvation The next spring, Natives helped the
pilgrims plant crops and fish The main teacher to the pilgrims was
Squanto The next fall they had a feast and gave
thanks for their good fortune
New England Colonies
Geography of New England
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire
Made up of hills and low mountains Soil is thin and rocky, making farming
difficult Very good fishing waters Long and snowy winters, short warm
summers This weather helped out the colonists and
they lived longer than the ones in Virginia
Puritans in Massachusetts
The Puritans were similar to the Pilgrims in that they didn’t agree with the Church of England They did not want to separate
from the church, they wanted to change it and make it more pure
In 1630, 900 Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Company and sailed from England to America
The Puritans were lead by John Winthrop He called for the Puritans to be a
“City on a Hill”
The Massachusetts Bay Colony The main settlement in the colony was
Boston, located on a harbor The colonists set up an elected assembly
called the General Court These members were elected but they had
to be adult male church goers The Puritans did not believe in religious
toleration
Other Colonies
Roger Williams spoke out against the intolerance of the Puritans He believed their church should be separatists
and he thought the Puritans should pay the Indians for their land they stole
The Puritans then sent him out of Massachusetts He went south and started a town called
Providence which will eventually become the colony of Rhode Island
The people in Rhode Island decided that there would be no established religion
Other Colonies cont.
Anne Hutchison also did not agree with some of the Puritans’ teachings She was also banished from the colony and headed to
south to what is now New York Connecticut
Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts and founded the town of Hartford in what is now Connecticut
New Hampshire John Wheelright as forced out of Massachusetts He went north and settled what is now New Hampshire
All of these new colonies had to get charters from the king to be able to govern themselves
Growth and Change in the Colonies Each Puritan town
held town meetings where people would debate and decided an issue
The ship building industry was a quick growing industry in New England
Middle Colonies
Geography of the Middle Colonies The Middle colonies are New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware Major cities are New York City at the end
of the Humboldt River, and Philadelphia on the Delaware River
Better farmland and warmer climate than the New England colonies
New York and New Jersey New York was originally a Dutch colony called
New Netherland The English conquered the colony and renamed it
New York after the king’s brother, the Duke of York New York City grew slowly, but eventually became
the biggest city of the original colonies New Jersey broke off of the New York colony to
form their own colony New York and New Jersey began as proprietary
colonies, meaning they were land granted to an individual or family They both eventually became royal colonies,
meaning the colony was directly controlled by the king
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania was started by Quakers They believed that all
Quakers had a direct link to God, so they didn’t need ministers
They also believed that everybody was equal in God’s eyes
They were one of the first groups to speak out against slavery and also treated women equally
Pennsylvania cont.
William Penn, a Quaker leader, got a charter from the king of England to set up a colony in America The Quakers wanted to leave England because they
were they faced persecution in England Penn attracted other settlers from all over Europe
including Scotland, Ireland, Germany, and Switzerland
He wanted his colony to be a safe place for people to practice any religion they wanted He called Pennsylvania his “holy experiment”
The relationship between the settlers in Pennsylvania and the Natives was better than in any other colony
Delaware
The land in Delaware was settled by Swedes who came to Pennsylvania
They claimed that they lived too far from Philadelphia to take part in the Pennsylvanian government So Penn granted them their own land
Growth and Change People in the Middle colonies begin making a
lot of money in farming, mostly wheat Pennsylvania is called America’s bread basket
Manufacturing begins in the mid 1700s, mostly in Pennsylvania and New Jersey
German and Scottish immigrants started settling the backcountry of America These people in the backcountry constantly
clashed with the Natives The Middle Colonies were the most diverse
colonies They had immigrants from all over northern
Europe
Southern Colonies
Geography of the Southern Colonies
The Southern Colonies are Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon survey, or drew, a line that divided Pennsylvania and Maryland That boundary is called the Mason-Dixon Line The line divides the North from the South, slave
states and free states The climate is very warm and humid They have long, hot summers that provide a
long growing season The main crops at the time were tobacco and rice They used slave labor to harvest these crops
Virginia
Virginia had the first English settlers in America and the population grew very fast
The colonists clashed with the Native Americans This is mostly because the colonists would
take the Natives’ land to farm The Natives did try to fight back, but were
defeated
Bacon’s Rebellion Most poor farmers were forced
to settle west because the richer farmers took all of the good land
The poor farmers then began to clash with the Natives in the frontier
Nathaniel Bacon became the leader of these poor farmers They attacked the Natives The governor of Virginia called
Bacon and his men rebels, so Bacon attacked Jamestown
Bacon eventually died from sickness, and a few of his men were hanged
Maryland
Maryland was started by George Calvert, a Catholic, who wanted to escape persecution in England
Maryland was first settled by Catholics and Protestants
There began to be tension between Catholics and Protestants
This led Lord Baltimore, Calvert’s son, to pass the Act of Toleration This said that all Christians were welcome in Maryland It also said that all male adult Christians could vote
and hold office
The Carolinas
People began moving south from Virginia The king granted a charter for a colony called
Carolina The northern part of the colony struggled at the
beginning The eventually began making money from growing
tobacco and producing lumber for ships The southern part of the colony prospered
They grew sugar and rice with the use of slave labor Charles Town (now Charleston) became the biggest
city in the South The colony eventually split into two colonies:
North Carolina and South Carolina
Georgia
England wanted to have a colony south of South Carolina in fear that Spain would start moving north from Florida
James Oglethorpe got the charter to start the colony He wanted the colony to be a safe haven for
debtors, people who owed money In England, these debtors could be imprisoned until
they paid their debt Georgia was supposed to be a place of small
farms, not plantations Slavery was initially illegal This was unpopular, so they quickly made slavery
legal
Changes in Southern Colonies The people who lived near the coast
mostly lived on plantations, or large farms These plantation owners quickly grew to
dominate politics and the economy in the Southern Colonies
Plantations also used mostly slave labor Slaves eventually grew to outnumber the
free people in South Carolina The people who lived in the backcountry
lived on smaller farms
Spanish Colonies
Spanish Florida Spain established a fort
called St. Augustine in fear that France might try to take Florida This fort is the first permanent
European settlement in what is not the US
To protecting themselves from the encroaching English colonies, the Spanish said that they would protect any escaped African slave from the English colonies As a result, many African
slaves fled to Florida to help protect it
Florida grew slowly and was mainly focused on three forts in the colony
Spain in the West
Spain also had control over most of the western part of the continent
This land stretched from Texas to California, from Mexico up into Wyoming
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