Cognitive Modeling - Lecture 3: Basic Features of Cogent · The Cogent Environment Modeling...

The Cogent EnvironmentModeling Language

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Cognitive ModelingLecture 3: Basic Features of Cogent

Sharon Goldwater

School of InformaticsUniversity of Edinburghsgwater@inf.ed.ac.uk

January 18, 2010

Sharon Goldwater Cognitive Modeling 1

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1 The Cogent EnvironmentPrincipal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing

2 Modeling LanguageOverviewSyntaxUnification

3 Example TaskFree RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal

Based on the Cogent tutorial held by Rick Cooper at the CognitiveScience Conference, Philadelphia, 2000.Reading: Cooper (2002: Ch. 2).

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Principal FeaturesData VisualizationModel Testing

Cogent: Principal Features

Cogent offers the following features:

a visual programming environment;

research program management tools;

a range of standard functional components;

an expressive rule-based modeling language andimplementation system;

automated data visualization tools;

a powerful model testing environment.

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Visual Programming in Cogent

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Research Program Management

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Standard Functional Components

A library of components is supplied:

memory buffers;rule-based processes;simple connectionist networks;data input/output devices.

Components can be configured for different applications.

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Data Visualization Tools: Tables

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Data Visualization Tools: Graphs

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Data Visualization Tools: Pictures

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The Model Testing Environment

Visualization tools are dynamically updated;

facilities are included to trace inter-componentcommunication;

a flexible “scripting” environment allows:

models to be run over multiple blocks of trials;multiple “subjects” to be run over multiple blocks;automated parameter varying “meta-experiments”.

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OverviewSyntaxUnification

Rule-Based Modeling Language

Processes may contain rules such as:

IF minuend(X) is in Working Memorysubtrahend(X) is in Working Memory

THEN add equal(minuend, subtrahend) to Working Memorysend difference(0) to Write Answer

Cogent’s representation language is based on Prolog.

We will use teletype for terms and boldface for buffers.

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Rule-Based Modeling Language

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Basic Syntax

Cogent’s representational unit is the term. Terms include

Numbers: reals or integers. Ex: 6, 6.0.

Atoms: any string of letters, digits, or ‘ ’ beginning with alower-case letter. Ex: apple, b0, myName, response count.

Variables: any string of letters, digits, or ‘ ’ beginning with anupper-case letter or ‘ ’. Ex: Apple, B0, MyName, count.

Lists: for representing sequences; consist of comma-separatedterms. Ex: [a, b, c], [X], [].

Compound terms: for representing structured information;consist of a functor and arguments. Ex: word(apple),date(6, jan).

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Unification

The power of Cogent’s representational system comes fromunifying terms, binding variables to values (or to other variables).

IF word(Word) is in Stimulithe current cycle is Cycle

THEN send memorize(Word) to Subjectdelete word(Word) from Stimuliadd presented(Word, Cycle) to Stimuli

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Rules of Unification

Variables match anything.

Compound terms must have matching functors and arity.

Lists must have matching lengths.

Terms Unifies as BindingsX, word(Word) word(Word) X → word(Word)f(a,B,c), f(X,Y,Z) f(a,B,c) X → a, Y → B, Z → cf(X), g(a) failsf([a,B],[]), f([B,B],B) fails

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Free RecallThe Modal ModelLong Term StoreDecay, Time, and Rehearsal

The Task: Free Recall

Classical experiment on word learning:

on each trial, the subject is presented with a list of 25 words;

the subject is told to try to memorize the words;

after an interval, the subject must recall as many words aspossible.

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Free Recall: Empirical Findings

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The Modal Model: Top Level

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The Modal Model: Subject

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The Modal Model: Task environment

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The Modal Model: Stimuli

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The Modal Model: Editing stimuli

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The Modal Model: Stimuli properties

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The Modal Model: Task environment

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The Modal Model: Presenting stimuli to subject

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The Modal Model: Messages

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Building the Short Term Store

Create propositional buffer by clicking on button:

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Double-click new buffer to name it and edit properties. STS hasLimited Capacity of 7:

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Open I/O Process and add an If...Then... rule:

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Double-click rule to edit:

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The rule to transfer words to STS:

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Add a read arrow from I/O Process to STS:

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The rule to recall words from STS (use Add Condition → match):

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Recall graph now shows a recency effect (output is for 20 trials):

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What causes the recency effect? If we changed the propertiesof STS, could we change the shape of the graph?

Watch the Messages view of Input/Output. What happensthere now when you run (or single-step) through a trial?

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Adding the Long Term Store

The modal model also includes:

a long term store (LTS);

a rehearsal process to transfer information from STS to LTS;

the possibility to recall from either STS or LTS.

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The rehearsal rule:

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To recall from either STS or LTS, we define a new condition byclicking the f(X) :- g(X) button and editing the definition:

Read :- as ‘if’: recall(Word) is true if Word is in STS.

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What causes the Primacy Effect?

Monitor the Messages view of the I/O Process. Why does themodel sometimes recall the same word twice in the same trial?

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The current output (left) still doesn’t match the output from theintro (right). What is different? Why?

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Decay, Time, and Rehearsal

Add decay to LTS. Explore different decay rates.

Change the rehearsal rate by adding another copy of therehearsal rule.

All memorized words are currently recalled in parallel. Makethe recall process serial.

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The serial recall rule:

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Explore the effect of the Access property of each buffer. Playwith these (and other) parameters to see how they affect themodel’s behavior.

The Experimenter system is written using standard Cogent.Try to discover how it works.

Go on to develop the model into something substantial.

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References

Cooper, Richard P. 2002. Modelling High-Level Cognitive Processes. LawrenceErlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.

Cognitive Modeling - Lecture 3: Basic Features of Cogent · The Cogent Environment Modeling...

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