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Cócaro, Nicolás. Liberation and the Aftermath. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Liberation and the AftermathLiberation and the AftermathOn August 15th, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced on the radio that Japan had surrendered and that the long war in the Pacific was finally overwar in the Pacific was finally over. The news of the Japanese capitulation was welcomed with a great deal of relief and joy in Korea. The Japanese surrenderJapanese surrender to the Allies meant meant that forty years of harsh colonialforty years of harsh colonial rule would come to an endend. The 15th of August, the day that WW II was officially over, was also the Day of Liberation in Korea. Unfortunately, liberation from the Japanese would not spell the end for Korea's misfortunes. The division of Korea into two separate states loomed just beyond the horizon. And perhaps the greatest tragedy of all, the Korean War, lingered not too far behind. The events that would occur between Liberation Day and August 25th (the day that there were two official governments in the Korean peninsula) would set the stage for the tragedy of the Korean War.
To learn more about the liberation of Korea, the American & Soviet occupation of Korea,
or the emergence of separate states in Korea just "click " on one of the following choices:
Liberation and the division Liberation and the division of Koreaof Korea
Allied Plans for Korea
The Americans enter Korea
The Emergence of Two Koreas
Consolidation and Confrontation
Timeline of main events
"schooled" their theories and forms of democracy prior to being granted national independence.
19431943
Roosevelt Anthony Edenmet with
British foreign minister
Discussed what to do with
Manchuria Formosa Korea
after the war
agreedshould be
governed
by an
international trusteeship
For a period of
30-40 yearsthey
numerous holes that would later foster conflict between the former war-time allies.
"the aforesaid three great powers, mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea are determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent."
19419433Roosevelt
Churchill
Chiang Kai-shek
announced the "Cairo Declaration"
Which
proclaimed
that
19441944Roosevelt
Churchill
Stalin
Ask
for
"some period of apprenticeship before full "some period of apprenticeship before full independence might be attained."independence might be attained."
19451945 Potsdam Conference
Truman
Churchill
Stalin
left ageneral agreement on trusteeship
which possessed
Expecting a long and difficult campaign to drive the Japanese out of the Asian mainland and to invade Japan itself, U.S. military planners General Douglas MacArthur sought Soviet assistance in ending the Pacific War. The American State Department was willing to "swallow" The American State Department was willing to "swallow" Soviet control of Manchuria and Korea as the price to be paid for the Soviet entrance into the war Soviet control of Manchuria and Korea as the price to be paid for the Soviet entrance into the war against Japanagainst Japan. The sudden Japanese collapseThe sudden Japanese collapse meant that nothing was in the way of Soviet control of the entire Korean peninsula. The State department now devised a plan which would divide the peninsula in half, leaving the Soviets to occupy Korea north of the 38th parallel and an American occupation south of the line. The State Department proposal, otherwise known as General Order #1, was drafted by two young colonels, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel.
Depending how one looks at it, the Soviet decisionSoviet decision to go along with General Order #1 and halt at the 38th parallel was simultaneously both predictable and an utter surprise. The Soviet halt was surprising because
nothing was in the way of Soviet domination of the whole of Korea. Japanese forces, were in a state of disintegration in the face of the Soviet juggernaut.American forces were in Okinawa and too far away to meet, much less challenge, the Soviet rush southward down the peninsula.
This hastily drafted division of Korea along the 38th parallel still remains to this day.
Korea was now occupied militarily by two foreign nations with separate and conflicting agendas. Their influence on the hapless nation and its people would soon be felt.
The The AmericanAmerican proposalproposal
was predictable because
it was construed by the Soviets as an American test of Soviet intentions in the post-war era.
a direct Soviet challenge to the United States in Korea was deemed too "expensive" and risky, given the Soviet need to come to terms with the Americans in the post-war order of Europe, an area that was of greater strategic importance to the Soviet Union.
The Soviets conclusion
that the possible gains in seizing the whole of Korea were not worth inherent risks.
The Soviets moved to occupyP'yongyang
Hamhung
all the major cities north of the 38th parallel.The Americans arrived in
Inchon Harbor on September 8th
a full month after the Soviets crossed the border into Korea.
The American military quickly occupied
Seoulthe southern half of the peninsula
suggested a
U.S.U.S. a multi-lateral conference
inv o
lvin
g China
Britain
U.S
Soviet Union
It was not agreed at the Moscow Conference.
favored
because swayed to follow the American line
could be
rejected American proposal
be
cau
se
before the United Nations
watchdog national elections to be scheduled sometime before March 31st 1948.
19471947
United Nations passed a resolution
"United Nations Temporary Committee on Korea"
UNTCOK
American Occupational Zone Soviet Zonedenied entrancein
The Committee opted for separate elections to be held in the Southso
The Emergence of Two KoreasThe Emergence of Two KoreasThe Emergence of Two KoreasThe Emergence of Two Koreas
Only a South Korean government would be able to raise a South Korean Army to repel an invasion from the north.
some
Koreansrejected the
U.N. plan
Be
cau
se t
he
y
be
lieve
d t
ha
t
separate elections would lead to a permanent partition of the country
Syngman Rhee approved of the U.N. plan for separate elections
because
the U.S. military government in Korea decided to implement the U.N. plan.
Rightist leader Kim Ku leftist leader Kim Kyu Sik
broke with Rhee over the issue of separate elections for South Korea
Both attended a
"unity conference"in
P'yongyangvoiced opposition against
the idea of separate elections that transcended all political faiths
ButBut
the formation of quasi-governmental bodies that possessed some administrativethe formation of quasi-governmental bodies that possessed some administrative
19481948 elections were held in the South UNTCOK
declared them"a valid expression of the free will of the electorate in those parts of Korea which were accessible
to the Commission"
"a valid expression of the free will of the electorate in those parts of Korea which were accessible
to the Commission"
The new RepresentativesThe new Representativesestablished the
Republic of Koreain the
southern end of the peninsula
Three months later National Assemblythe
elected Syngman Rhee
to become thepresident of the ROK
autumnautumn ofof 19481948Elections were in held in the North
Democratic People's Republic of Koreaborn
Kim Il Sung
elected as its first premier
The creation of two separate regimeswas due to
With these elections the division of Korea had an air of permanence
Consolidation and ConfrontationConsolidation and Confrontation
domestic opposition that seriously endangered the consolidation of one-man rule.
such as
the Interim People's Committeein the
North
the Interim Legislative Assemblyin the
South
Both regimes faced similar challenges
The first challengeThe first challenge
attaining legitimacy the existence of the "other" state was an obstacle in achieving it
competition for the allegiance of the nationROK led by Syngman Rhee
DPRK led by Kim Il Sung
The second challengeThe second challenge
Syngman Rhee
ha
d t
o contend with the politically powerful southern landlords that grew suspicious of Rhee's growing autocratic ways
confront what was left of the Left in South Korea who began threatening his rule by engaging in armed
rebellions and mass demonstrations throughout the country
he use all the autocratic means at his disposal
to insure his position at the top.
soso
Kim Il Sung
As head of the Korean Worker's Party
a union of various communist groupings
was faced with a party that had four different "voices".
The first "voiceThe first "voice was accented by Russian headed by Ho Kai-I
leader of the Soviet faction
The second "voice“The second "voice“ led by Pak Hon yong which had a southern Korean accent
leader of the Yenan factionThe third "voice"The third "voice" led by Kim Tu Bong had a heavy Chinese accent
The last "voice"The last "voice" was Kim Il Sung's own Kapsin "guerrilla" faction
Kim Il Sung & the Consolidation of the NorthKim Il Sung & the Consolidation of the North
an intense drive towards political consolidation on the part of the two regimes and its rulers.
sosoHe embark on a campaign to systematically wipe out all the other voices leaving the party and the state united under the only voice of Kim Il Sung.
1948-19501948-1950
was marked by
Kim Il SungKim Il Sung wason the road to socialism
was able to nationalize nine-tenths of the nation's industrial production
with Soviet assistance and advice, embarked on a two-year economic plan
placed on heavy industry19501950
the economic life of the country was firmly in the hands of the government.
strove for political consolidation of his own rule
when he became chairman of the Korean Worker's Party
leader of the Chinese "Yenan" faction
Kim Il SungKim Il Sungwas able to
remove potential challengers from "center stage"
Pak was delegated as vice-chairman of the party
erstwhile leader of the South Korean Communists
prestige Kim's own image in the south
yet contained and enclosed enough so that Kim was able to pull the reins in on Pak if it ever proved necessary
leader of the "Soviet" faction within the Korean Worker's party
Ho Kai-I
co vice- chairman with Pak Hon Yong.
remove most Soviet-Koreans from positions of power
Kim Il Sung was the lone master of North Korea.
relegating
Was the
Kim Tu Bong
become chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly
The Central issue of North Korean regimeThe Central issue of North Korean regimeWas of
unification
The DPRK considered itself as the sole legitimate government in Korea
wanted to extend their rule southward to Pusanbecause
the southern regime did not have the support of the populace
Syngman Rhee & the Consolidation of the Syngman Rhee & the Consolidation of the SouthSouth
the large amounts of military equipment
June 1949June 1949 Kim Il Sungdeclared that unification was
"the most important and immediate task of the party and the people".
made the fateful decision that he would have to call on the military to unify the nation
Later than
Korean People's Army,(KPA)Strength ened by
the presence of Soviet military advisors
Rhee's hunger for the enlargement of executive authorityRhee's hunger for the enlargement of executive authority soon ran into conflict with the legislative body.soon ran into conflict with the legislative body.
expand the mandate of the National Security Law (NSL),
When he
designed to
crack down on alleged communist inspired seditionSyngman RheeSyngman Rhee
suppress any political opposition to his authority
used the
to
against members of the National Assembly who called for the dismissal of Rhee's cabinet
the purging of former Japanese collaborators in the Rhee bureaucracy Rhee's main base of political support
to the
strengthening support of farmersRhee
pushed through aland reform bill
weakening the influence of Korean landlords. Those who objected to
jailed by invoking the NSL
were
Communist inspired insurrections threatened Rhee's bid for political consolidationCommunist inspired insurrections threatened Rhee's bid for political consolidation
Cheju-do uprising1948 a rebellion of communist guerrillas and peasants that
challenged the authority of the new regimeresponse was a
severe crackdown in Cheju-do
In other areaswhere
guerrillas broke out Rhee succeeded in squashing these internal threats to his power
Syngman Rheecalled for a
"march north"to
overthrow the communist regime in P'yongyang
replace it with that of his own. 1949 and 19501949 and 1950
stepped up his rhetoric to a feverish pitch
The Republic of Korea was incapable of launching a major military campaign to unify the peninsula.
Despite the intensity of his
much inferiormuch inferiorThe South Korea Army
Korean People's Army
was
The border separating the two Korea was often the scene of violent clashes and routine cross-border raids.
Towards ConfrontationTowards Confrontation
The Belligerent rhetoricThe Belligerent rhetoric ofboth sides
created a
high levelof
tension
anxiety
along the
38th parallel.38th parallel.
MacArthur’s ampphibious attackUntil
Rhee was born in Kaesong in 1875, the son of a poverty-stricken Yangban(Korean Gentry) family.
As a young adult, Rhee studied English. In 1896, Rhee played a minor role in forming the
Independence Club. By 1897, Rhee was imprisoned for various political activities. In 1905, a year
after his release from prison, Rhee went to the United States to study. After receiving his Ph.D from
Princeton University in International Law, Rhee went back to Korea for just a short while before
returning to the U.S. where he remained until 1945 as a Korean nationalist in
exile laboring and lobbying for Korean independence. While in exile, Rhee
became the President of the Korean Provisional Government for a short
stint. He maneuvered to position himself as the principal spokesman for the
Korean Right. By 1947, Syngman Rhee, had received the unofficial "blessing" of
the U.S. to lead the Koreans after the withdrawal of the American presence in Korea. Syngman
Rhee was chosen by the National Assembly to become the first President of the Republic of Korea
in 1948. As President, Rhee cracked down on political opponents and coerced the press to print
news more favorable to the government.
Rhee's rhetoric about a "march north" to unify the Peninsula under his rule did not lessen a bit.
During the war, Rhee helped to stir controversy by encouraging General Douglas MacArthur and
the U.N. forces under his command to liberate the north. He led Korea until the age of 85 when a
student uprising toppled his government in April of 1960. From there Rhee left
for theUnited States where he remained in exile until his death in 1965.
Kim Il Sung (Kim Song Ju) was born in P'yongi in 1912. Kim and his family emigrated to Manchuria
in the 1920's where he attended a Chinese school. At the age of fifteen, Kim was arrested and
imprisoned for a year for having been a founding member of a Communist Youth League. After his
release from jail in 1930, Kim founded the Korean Revolutionary Army. In 1931, Kim join a Chinese
Communist guerrilla group, fighting the Japanese military in Manchuria. Kim swiftly rose up the
ranks of the Chinese Communist Army. Between the years 1932-
1941, Kim led a band of Korean guerrillas against Japanese
positions and personnel in Manchuria. In 1941, Japanese
counterinsurgency forces forced Kim to leave Manchuria for the
Soviet Union. There he remained until he "hitched" a ride with the
Soviet Army into Korea in 1945. Kim strove to unify Korea under the
banner of communism. After the creation of the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea in 1948, Kim became not only the head of the Korean Workers' Party,
but premier of the new communist state as well. In late 1949, Kim made the fateful decision to
launch a major military campaign to unify Korea under force of arms. After the war, Kim continued
the trend towards one-man rule. He succeeded in constructing a cult of personality with himself as
the main icon for adoration .In the post-Korean War years, Kim developed the idea of juche, an
ideology of self-reliance blended with Marxism, thus creating a distinct "native" Korean communism.
At the age of 82, Kim Il Sung died.
15 Aug Korea divided into US and Soviet occupation zones along 38th parallel
26 July President Truman's National Security Act creates US Department of Defense
15 Aug After supervised elections, US military government turns over power to Republic of Korea
25 - North Korean People's Army invades South Korea - UN calls for an end of aggression27 - UN asks member countries to aid Republic of Korea - US announces intervention. North Korea attacks Seoul airfield.28 - US bombers attack troops in Han River area - North Korean army captures Seoul30 - President Truman orders ground forces into Korea and authorizes Air Force to bomb North Korea
5 - Near Osan, Task Force Smith troops fight for the first time and suffer heavy casualties18 - US Cavalry lands at Pohangdong - US aircraft destroy key oil refinery in Wonsan22 - Battle for Taejon ends with heavy US losses and retreat
4 - Pusan perimeter established in southeastern Korea13 - First UN counterattack collapses15 - Four-day battle of "the Bowling Alley" - UN forces hold back North Korean offensive
15 - Inchon landing of UN forces
29 - UN troops complete recapture of Seoul
11 - End of Chinese strike against marine and army divisions at Chosin Reservoir - marines retreat
7 - UN forces cross 38th parallel - UN sanctions defeat of North Korea and attempted reunification14 - Chinese Communist troops cross Yalu River into Korea19 - UN captures P'yongyang, the North Korean capital
1 - Chinese attack in force near Unsan
24 - General Douglas MacArthur's final "Home by Christmas" offensive begins
4 - Seoul captured by Chinese
25 - UN forces resume offensive f
11- Chinese counteroffensive begins north of Hoengsong
1 - UN line reaches between the 37th and 38th Parallels
18 - UN forces retake Seoul
11 - MacArthur recalled - General Matthew Ridgway given command
27 - Truce talks resume at Panmunjom
13 - UN forces dig in on the 38th Parallel
f
10 - Truce talks begin at Kaesong - Communists break off talks six weeks later f
23 - UN forces take Heartbreak Ridge after 18-day battle d
28 - North Korean and Chinese leaders agree to POW exchange
s
18 - Three-day battle of Pork Chop Hill ends in victory for UN forces
26 - Full peace talks resume at Panmunjom f
14 - Communist offensive pushes Republic of Korea troops south
18 - South Koreans release 27,000 North Korean POWs, who refuse repatriation
25 - "Little Truce Talks" secure Republic of Korea's acceptance of armistice. Chinese launch massive attacks against South Korean divisions.
4 - Processing of POWs for repatriation begins at Freedom Village, Panmunjom
10 - Communists return to negotiations
27 - Cease fire signed - fighting ends 12 hours later
Bibliography Bibliography
•Alexander, Bevin, Korea, The First War We Lost. New York, New York. Hippocrene Books, 1986. Fehrenbach, T. R., This Kind of War, A Study in Unpreparedness, New York, New York.•Presidio Press, 1990. Paschall, Rod, Witness to War, Korea, New York, New York. •Bruce Cumings' "The Origins of the Korean War" Volumes I & 2. •"Political Change in South Korea" edited by Ilpyong J. Kim and Young Whan Kihl. •"The Failure of Democracy in South Korea" by the former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea, Han Sung Joo. •George E. Ogle's "SOUTH KOREA-Dissent Within The Economic Miracle"
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