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"Coal Ashes and the Future of Thermoelectricity in Rio Grande do Sul
State, Brazil – A Strategic Approach"
Geologist, Dr. Geraldo Mario RohdeEnvironmental Department Researcher
Porto Alegre – Sept. 16, 2009
THE HUMAN EFFECTUATION
HEAT = ENTROPY, DISORDER, DISSIPATION,
CHAOS (DETERMINISTIC?), UNCERTAINTY,
WHIRLPOOLS, DESTRUCTION,
INDETERMINATIONS, CATHASTROF(S),
DISREGULATION,...
SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a
Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre
Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a
So lo CO2
CO2
Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra
Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima
So l
Força externa Química/D
inâmica Estratosférica
Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s
VOLCANO X THERMELECTRIC PLANT
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO SYSTEMS THAT GENERATE ASHES.
SYSTEMCHARACTERISTICS
VOLCANO THERMOELECTRIC PLANT
Effectuation Natural (unconscious) Human (conscious)
System Natural Artificial
Combustion Various types of magma Coal; Fuel oil; Diesel; Natural
gas
Combustion place Magmatic chamber Furnace(inside of the boiler)
Combustion temperature
700 C — 1200 C (Cas &
Wright, 1988)
1300 C — 1500 C (Andrade,
1985)
Products Heat
Volcanic ashesH2OGases (NOx, CO2, SO2, etc.)
Heat
Coal ashes H2O Gases (NOx , CO2, SO2, etc.)
Explosion Yes ("Eruption")No
NoYes ("Accident")
SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a
Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre
Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a
So lo CO2
CO2
Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra
Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima
So l
Força externa Química/D
inâmica Estratosférica
Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s
VOLCANO X THERMELECTRIC PLANT
THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT
THE ASHES ARE CONSIDERED (MERELY) AS SOLID WASTES THAT NEED TO BE CLASSIFIED AND DISPOSED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT
THE ASHES ARE TAKEN AS A COST BY THE MONOPRODUCTIVE LINEAR ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, AN EXTERNALITY, A DISTURBANCE, A PASSIVE.
THERMOELECTRIC CONTEXT
The brazilian ashes are, mostly, classified as solid wastes class II – not-dangerous, in IIA – not-inert (acc. to the norm NBR 10004 – ABNT, 2004)
Table – Coal ashes production in Brazil by year, in tonnes (t)
Until 1960 decade 200,000
1970 decade 1,500,000
1980 and 1990 decades 2,000,000
Present 4,000,000
2010 decade Projection /Prospect 10,000,000
TABLE – NEW THERMOELECTRIC UNITS PROJECTSIN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE
UNITS LOCATION – COUNTIES MW
UTE Presidente Médici – FaseC (ex-"Candiota III") – CGTEE
Candiota 350
UTE Seival – Tractebel Candiota 542
UTE Seival II – MPX-EBX Candiota 600
UTE Pampa – Tractebel Candiota 340
UTE Cibe Energia S. A. Candiota 700
UTE CT Sul Cachoeira do Sul 650
UTE CT Sul – II Cachoeira do Sul 325
UTE Jacuí I Charqueadas 350
THE TWO HALVES OF COAL
CLASSIC APPROACH
• "ECONOMIC GOOD" = ELECTRIC ENERGY, EXPORTED FROM THE PLACE OF PRODUCTION
• COAL ASHES = LOCAL AND RESILIENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
COAL ASHES IMAGE
• COAL ASHES = 50% OF COAL !!
• COAL ASHES = BYPRODUCTS [CCBs]
• COAL ASHES IN PEOPLE AWARENESS
= MATERIAL GOODS
• "The coal ashes will make the coal viable !" [Rohde, 1997]
TABLE – PRODUCION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES – NON-METALLIC
CLASS IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE IN 2007
Substances Value DNPM Factor m3 t Value (106 t)
Sand 4,322,821 m3 2.35 10.2
Crushed rocks and gravel 5,318,288 m3 1.64 8.7
Coal ashes 2.0
Mud(stone) 1,876,547 t 1.9
Limestone (rocks) 1,698,108 t 1.7
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
THE ASHES ARE FOCUSED AS BYPRODUCTS AND NOT MORE AS SOLID WASTES TO BE DISPOSED.
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
• THE PRINCIPLE RESPONSABILITY (Hans Jonas, 1984)
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
•“Das Prinzip Verantwortung; Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilization“
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
• PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (numeric or statistical risc)
• PRECAUTION PRINCIPLE (unknown ou indeterminated risk)
• ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTENABILITY
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL IDEIAS...
• CLEANER PRODUCTION
• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY (F4, F10, NC)
• ISO 14000 NORMS SYSTEM
• ZERO EMISSIONS PRINCIPLE
COAL ASHES APPLICATIONS
HYDRELECTRIC POWER PLANT
FORQUETA RIVER DAM
(2002)
[São José do Herval/Putinga]
NEEDS FOR COAL ASHES MARKET
• High level consultance for private business
• Stablishing of norms and directives for the public sector
• Database about coal ashes
CENACIN – CENTRO NACIONAL DE EXCELÊNCIA EM CINZAS DE CARVÃO
SISTEMAS CLIMÁTICOS FÍSICOSF ís ic a /Din â mic a Atmo s fé ric a
Din â mic aOc e â n ic a En e rg ia /Umid a d eT e rre s tre
Mu d a n ç aClimá tic a
So lo CO2
CO2
Ec o s s is te ma sT e rre s tre s Us o d aT e rra
Ativ id a d e sHu ma n a sUmid a d e Glo b a lBio g e o q u ímic aMa rítima
So l
Força externa Química/D
inâmica Estratosférica
Po lu e n te sQu ímic a T ro p o s fé ric aCICLOS BIOGEOQUÍMICOSVu lc õ e s
?rohde@cientec.rs.gov.br
gmrohde@terra.com.br
e-mails
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