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CO2 abatement in the Energy and Petrochemicals industry
JAN VAN DER EIJKCHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER
“Business as Usual” Total final consumption
400
600
800
1000EJ per year
Middle East & Africa
Asia & Oceania
Latin America
Europe
Business as usual – total final consumption
2
Source: Shell International BV and Energy Balances of OECD and Non-OECD Countries OECD/IEA 2006
0
200
400
1975 2000 2025 2050
Europe
North America
Energy sustainability drives the energy mix - Blueprints
• Broad awareness of challenges at all levels, not only national
• Critical mass of parallel responses to hard truths
• Effective carbon pricing established early
Total primary energy (EJ per year)
600
800
1000
Energy sustainability drives mix- Blueprints
3
early
– Rerouted to renewables
– Taxes on imported fossil fuels
• Efficiency standards
• Electrification of transport sector
• New infrastructure develops e.g. CCS emerges after 2020
Source: Shell International BV and Energy Balances of OECD and Non-OECD CountriesOECD/IEA 2006
0
200
400
600
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Biomass Solar Wind Other Renewables
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Abatement cost€ per tCO2e
Global GHG abatement cost curve beyond business-as-usual – 2030
Exhibit 1
Tillage and residue mgmt
Pastureland afforestation
Nuclear
Degraded forest reforestationReduced intensive
agriculture conversion
Coal CCS new build
Iron and steel CCS new build
Cars full hybrid
Gas plant CCS retrofit
Solar PV
Waste recycling
High penetration wind
Low penetration wind
Residential electronics
Residential appliances
Retrofit residential HVAC
Power plant biomass co-firing
Coal CCS retrofit
Degraded land restoration
Solar CSP
Building efficiency new build
2nd generation biofuelsInsulation retrofit (residential)
Cars plug-in hybrid
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Abatement cost€ per tCO2e
Global GHG abatement cost curve beyond business-as-usual – 2030
Exhibit 1
Tillage and residue mgmt
Pastureland afforestation
Nuclear
Degraded forest reforestationReduced intensive
agriculture conversion
Coal CCS new build
Iron and steel CCS new build
Cars full hybrid
Gas plant CCS retrofit
Solar PV
Waste recycling
High penetration wind
Low penetration wind
Residential electronics
Residential appliances
Retrofit residential HVAC
Power plant biomass co-firing
Coal CCS retrofit
Degraded land restoration
Solar CSP
Building efficiency new build
2nd generation biofuelsInsulation retrofit (residential)
Cars plug-in hybrid
GHG abatement: beyond business-as-usual 2030
35 3825
0
105 15 20 30-10
-100
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
Note: The curve presents an estimate of the maximum potential of all technical GHG abatement measures below €60 per tCO2e if each lever was pursued aggressively. It is not a forecast of what role different abatement measures and technologies will play.
Source: Global GHG Abatement Cost Curve v2.0
Lighting – switch incandescent to LED (residential)
Cropland nutrient management
1st generation biofuels
Clinker substitution by fly ash
Electricity from landfill gas
Small hydro
Reduced slash and burn agriculture conversion
Reduced pastureland conversion
Grassland management
Organic soil restoration
Motor systems efficiency
Rice management
Insulation retrofit (commercial)
Geothermal Abatement potentialGtCO2e per year
Efficiency improvements other industry
35 3825
0
105 15 20 30-10
-100
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
Note: The curve presents an estimate of the maximum potential of all technical GHG abatement measures below €60 per tCO2e if each lever was pursued aggressively. It is not a forecast of what role different abatement measures and technologies will play.
Source: Global GHG Abatement Cost Curve v2.0
Lighting – switch incandescent to LED (residential)
Cropland nutrient management
1st generation biofuels
Clinker substitution by fly ash
Electricity from landfill gas
Small hydro
Reduced slash and burn agriculture conversion
Reduced pastureland conversion
Grassland management
Organic soil restoration
Motor systems efficiency
Rice management
Insulation retrofit (commercial)
Geothermal Abatement potentialGtCO2e per year
Efficiency improvements other industry
40
50
60
7070
Global GHG emissions
GtCO2e per year
-12
-12
-14
Major categories of abatement opportunities
Technical measures
below € 60/tCO2
Energy efficiency
Terrestrial carbon
Low carbonenergy supply
Business-as-usual
Exhibit 3
Global GHG Emissions
0
10
20
30
40
2030252010 15
-12
- 5
- 4 Behavior changes*
Technical measures
€60 – 100 per t CO2
Terrestrial carbon(forestry, agriculture)
* The estimate of behavioral change abatement potential was made after implementation of all technical levers;
the potential would be higher if modeled before implementation of the technical levers.Source: Global GHG Abatement Cost Curve v2.0; Houghton; IEA; US EPA
23
• Recovery and Upgrading of unconventional hydrocarbons
• Energy from contaminated gas (H2S, CO2)
• Transportation fuels from sustainable sources of biomass
MORE ENERGY
Technology Challenges
6
• Process intensification (energy efficiency, capex)
• Capture / use of low value process heat (60 - 200 0C)
• CO2 capture and storage
LESS CO2
: IN SITU UPGRADING PROCESS (IUP)
STANDARD IN SITU RECOVERY
Light products
Coke
Combine with
diluent
Produce heavy oil
Refinery
In-Situ Upgrading Process (IUP)
7
SHELL IN SITU UPGRADING PROCESS (IUP) 2004: 82004: 82004: 82004: 8ooooAPI 2007: 30 API 2007: 30 API 2007: 30 API 2007: 30 ---- 49494949
ooooAPIAPIAPIAPI
Light productsProduce lighter oil
Coke remains in subsurface � More oil recovered
� Higher quality product� Coke left underground
Refinery
Conditions
• -62 deg C < T < -20 deg C
• Pressure 10 – 30 bara
• Separates CO2 as a liquid
• Pressure recovery
• Very compact
Gas Separation Technology I
Conditions
• -62 deg C < T < -20 deg C
• Pressure 10 – 30 bara
• Separates CO2 as a liquid
• Pressure recovery
• Very compact
Gas Separation Technology I
Gas Separation Technology IGas Separation - Technology 1
8
Expansionturbine Coagulation
pipe Swirler
Liquid outlets
• Very compact
Expansionturbine Coagulation
pipe Swirler
Liquid outlets
• Very compact
Gas Separation Technology II Gas Separation - Technology 2
9
0.38 nm
0.38 nm0.32 nm 0.36 nmCO2 CH4H2S
FIRST GENERATION BIOFUEL
BIOMASS: moving to the next generation
10
SECOND GENERATION BIOFUEL
TO BIO-ENERGY AND WASTE ORGANIC FEED STOCKS
Lignocellulose
Pre-treatment
Enzyme
Production
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Application: EthanolApplication: Cellulosic Ethanol
Separation
Ethanol
Fermentation
Distillation
Power
Generation
CelluloseEthanol
Electricity
Application: BTL
Lignocellulose
Low temperature
gasifier
Carbo-V®
gasifier
Chemical
quenching
Application: BTL
12
Recuperator
Dust removal / scrubber
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
BTL
Application: Algae Diesel
Cellana(Shell/HR Biopetroleum)
Algae growth
Harvesting Water
WaterCO2 nutrients
Application: Algae Diesel
13
Drying
Processing
LipidsElectricity
Feed, Fertiliser
Dry Biomass
Residue
• Recovery and Upgrading of unconventional hydrocarbons
• Energy from contaminated gas (H2S, CO2)
• Transportation fuels from sustainable sources of biomass
MORE ENERGY
Process Technology Challenges
14
• Process intensification (energy efficiency, capex)
• Capture / use of low value process heat (60 - 200 0C)
• CO2 capture and storage
LESS CO2
95
100
Liq
uid
sele
cti
vit
y, %
w
2nd generation Bintulu retrofit
Improvement of GTL catalyst performance
3rd generation?
2nd generation
Pearl GTL
80
85
90
0 50 100 150 250 300 350
relative reactor productivity
Liq
uid
sele
cti
vit
y, %
w
200
capex down
efficiency up
1st generation
40
80
Efficiency
Combined Cycle
42
60
Efficiency : power/input
Gasturbine Efficiency Improvements
0
40
36 966646 56 76 86
Year
Gasturbine
Steam Power Plant
06
Power generation Efficiency: Refinery Trend
Higher efficiencyMore reliabilityLower emissions
More use ofNatural gas
Attractive export Conditions electricity
Improved control and Utility optimization
District heating
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Higher gasturbine inlet temperatures
Higher steamturbine efficiency Cogeneration
Low emissionburners
Carbon Capture and Storage TechnologiesCO2 StorageTransport
CO2 Infrastructure
Separation task
CO2 Capture Contaminated Gas
Sequestration options
Enhanced extraction Storage only
CO2 for EOR
H2S / CO2
CO2 / CH4
Post-combustionCO2/ N2
CO2 in aquifer
CO2 Solutions
Of both energy using equipment and processes
Efficiency Improvements
Cleaner Generation Fuel switch
Pipeline - ShippingECBM
Materials
CO2 for EOR
Unconventional (immiscible) CO2 EOR
CO2 / CH4 Pre-combustion
CO2/ H2
Oxy-fuelCO2/ O2
CO2 in depleted gas fields
Mineralisationsurface/subsurface
CO2 in aquifer
CO2/H2S storage
Process Technology Challenges
• Novel Catalyst/Reactor Combinations
• Novel Separations
• Equipment development
Technology Challenges
• Reduction in CAPEX Intensity
• Reduction of Environmental Footprint
• Smart Fields, Plants and Sites
• Distributed Manufacturing
BIG IMPACT: from small innovations
BENEFITTING THE HEALTH OF A MILLION PEOPLE
21
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