CMPSC 201

CMPSC 201

Other Kinds of Arrays

Kinds of Data Stored in MATLAB Matrices

NumericCharacter LogicalSymbolic Objects - Symbolic Toolbox

Integer Floating Point

multiple signed integer types

multiple unsigned integer types

single precision

double precision

complex real

In this chapter we’ll learn about…

• The different kinds of data used in MATLAB

• Create and use both numeric and character arrays

• Create multidimensional arrays, and access data in those arrays

• Create and use cell and structure arrays

Section 10.1Data Types

• The primary data type (also called a class) in MATLAB is the array or matrix

• Within the array, MATLAB supports a number of different secondary data types (classes)– The default is a double precision floating point

number

MATLAB’s arrays can store different types of data

Kinds of Data Stored in MATLAB Matrices

NumericCharacter LogicalSymbolic Objects - Symbolic Toolbox

Integer Floating Point

multiple signed integer types

multiple unsigned integer types

single precision

double precision

complex real

There are a variety of array types to store the data

MATLAB Array Types

Character Arrays

Floating Point

single precision

double precision

Logical Arrays

Numeric Arrays

Symbolic Arrays

Cell Arrays

Structure Arrays

Other types, including user defined and JAVA types

Cell and Structure arrays can store different types of data in the same array

Integer

multiple signed integer types

multiple unsigned integer types

Most of these arrays can only hold information of one data type

• The difference between array types and data types may be confusing

• Consider the following analogy

There are lots of different places you could

store your wealth

They correspond to the array types

There are lots of different kinds of wealth you

might store in a bank

They correspond to the data types

Numeric Data Types

• Numeric data is stored in numeric arrays• The default data type is double precision floating

point• Every time you enter a number into MATLAB, the

program assumes you’ve entered a double• MATLAB conforms to the IEEE standards that

specify the meaning of the double data type

When you define numeric values they default to doubles

Each value in a double array needs 8 bytes of memory to store

There are 6 values in the C array – therefore it requires 6 x 8 = 48 bytes of memory

Value limitations

• The biggest number you can store in a double can be found using the realmax function

• The smallest number you can store in a double can be found using the realmin function

Single Precision floating point numbers

• This data type is a new feature in MATLAB 7

• Uses half the storage space of a double

• Each value requires– 4 bytes = 32 bits

It’s necessary to use the single function to change the value of 5 (which is a double by default) into a single

The grid symbol indicates a numeric array – double, single or integer

Value limitations

• Since single precision numbers are allocated only half as much storage space, they can not cover as large a range of values as double numbers – The biggest number you can store in a single can be

found using the realmax(‘single’) function– The smallest number you can store in a double can be

found using the realmin(‘single’) function

• Engineers will rarely need to convert to single precision numbers, because – today’s computers

have plenty of storage space for most applications,

– and will execute most of the problems we pose in extremely short amounts of time

When would you use the short data type instead of double values?

• In some numerical analysis applications you may be able to improve the run time of a long problem by changing from double to single precision

• However, round off error becomes more of a problem.

Consider the harmonic series

1/1 1/ 2 1/ 3 1/ 4 1/ 5 1/ 6 ... 1/ + ...n

1/1

nn Shorthand for the harmonic series

This series diverges -it just keeps getting bigger the more terms you add

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100006

8

10

12

14

16

18Comparison of Double and Single Precision Calculations

Number of steps*1000

Sum

of

the

Har

mon

ic S

erie

s

For large numbers of steps the results are different using double and single data types

double

single

Why?

• When the series gets big enough the value of 1/n is so small that the computer can’t distinguish it from 0

• This occurs at the value of realmin• Since doubles can differentiate between smaller

numbers than singles the summation is valid for more steps

Integers• Integer arrays are new to MATLAB 7• Integers are stored in integer arrays

MATLAB Integer Types

8-bit signed integer

int8 8-bit unsigned integer uint8

16-bit signed integer

int16 16-bit unsigned integer

uint16

32-bit signed integer

int32 32-bit unsigned integer

uint32

64-bit signed integer

int64 64-bit unsigned integer

uint64

Remember that 8 bits = 1 byte

Each of these types require a different amount of storage

You can determine the number of possible values allowed in the integer data type

• Each of the integer types uses a different amount of storage, and can thus save different ranges of values

• Determine the size range using– intmax and intmin

When do we use integers

• Integer arrays can be used to store image information

• These arrays are often very large, but there are a limited number of colors used in many of these images to create the picture.

• Storing them as unsigned integer arrays reduces the storage requirement dramatically.

Complex numbers

• Default is double

• Twice as much storage is needed because the real and imaginary components must be stored

• Could also be stored as a single or integer

Character and String Data

• Character arrays store character information

• A character array is produced from a string

Each character is a separate element in the array

The fifth element of the H array is the letter y

• Any string represents a character array in MATLAB

• Each character requires 2 bytes of storage

Spaces are characters too

The ‘abc’ symbol indicates a character array

How are characters stored in MATLAB?

• All information in computers is stored using a series of zeros and ones – ASCII – Used in small computers– EBCDIC – Used in mainframes and

super computers

• You can think of this list of 0’s and 1’s as a base two number

Comparison between base 2 and base 10

Base 2 ”binary” Base 10 ”decimal”

1 1

10 2

11 3

100 4

101 5

110 6

111 7

1000 8

• Every character stored using ASCII or EBCDIC code has both a binary representation and a decimal equivalent

• When we ask MATLAB to change a character to a double, the number we get is the decimal equivalent in the ASCII coding system

Use the double function to convert to a double precision floating point number

Use char to convert a number to a character

MATLAB includes functions to change data types

You shouldn’t mix data types in calculations or in arrays

If you attempt to create an array with both character and numeric data, the array defaults to all characters

The square symbol is a character with a numeric equivalent of 3

If you try to perform arithmetic with a combination of character and numeric data, MATLAB converts the character to its decimal equivalent

Remember that a has a decimal equivalent of 97

Symbolic Data

• Covered in more detail in a separate chapter

• The symbolic toolbox uses symbolic data to perform symbolic algebraic calculations

• Create a symbolic variable using the sym function

Storage requirements for symbolic vary, depending on how big the expression is.

Symbolic variables can be grouped into arrays, just like other data types

The cube symbol indicates a symbolic array

Logical Data Types

• Logical data can have only one of two values– True– False

• MATLAB uses – 0 to represent false and– 1 to represent true

Although a logical array contains the information true and false, MATLAB represents it as 0 and 1

The check mark indicates a logical array

We don’t usually create logical arrays by entering true and false values. Usually they are the result of logical operations

Notice that x and y are numeric arrays and z is a logical array

We can interpret this result to mean that x>y is false for elements 1 and 3, and true for elements 2,3 and 5

These arrays are used in logical functions, and are not usually even seen by the user.

Sparse Arrays

• Both double precision arrays and logical arrays can be stored in either full matrices, or as sparse matrices.

• Sparse matrices are “sparsely populated”, meaning many or most of the values in the array are zero – Identity matrices are examples of sparse matrices

Sparse matrices require less space than the corresponding numeric or logical matrices

• If we store sparse arrays in the full matrix format, it takes 8 bytes of storage for every data value, whether they are zeros or not

• The sparse matrix format only stores the non-zero values, and remembers where they are – this strategy saves a lot of space

Compare the size of N and P N is a 1000x1000 identity matrix

P is the same matrix, stored using the sparse strategy

Section 10.2Multidimensional Arrays

• Sometimes you may want to store data in multidimensional arrays– Rows– Columns– Pages– Additional dimensions are possible

Multidimensional arrays are grouped into pages

rows

columns

pages

Imagine that you would like to store each of these 4 two-dimensional arrays into 1 three-dimensional array with four pages.

Page 1

Page 2

Page 3

Page 4

You must define each page separately. Read the first definition statement as

“all the rows, all the columns, in page 1”

Section 10.3Creating Character Arrays

• We can create two dimensional character arrays only if the number of elements in each row is the same

This statement doesn’t work, because the number of characters in each line is different

The char functions “pads” the array with blanks. Notice that the array size is 6 rows by 7 columns

Character arrays can store any of the characters defined in the ASCII coding scheme – including the symbols for numbers

Character arrays can only hold character data

• We can take advantage of this to create tables that look like they include both character and numeric information, but really are composed of just characters

• The number 1 is different from the character 1

Let’s combine an array of test scores and names

• Test scores– 98

– 84

– 73

– 88

– 95

– 100

• Names– Holly

– Steven

– Meagan

– David

– Michael

– HeidiNumeric information Character information

When we tried to store the two different data types into the same array, MATLAB interpreted the numbers as the ASCII equivalent of characters

Notice that table is a character array

• In order to store the two different data types in the same array, we’ll need to convert the numbers into the corresponding characters

• num2str

The num2str function converted the array of scores into the corresponding characters

Creation of file names

• A useful application of character arrays and the num2str function is the creation of file names

• There are occasions when you may want to save data into .dat or .mat files, but you don’t know ahead of time how many files will be required

my_data1.datmy_data2.datmy_data3.dat Etc.

Sample problem

• Load a file of unknown size called some_data

• Create a number of new files, one for each column from the input file

For example

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12

Data from input file

1

4

7

10

Data in File1

2

5

8

11

Data in File2

3

6

9

12

Data in File3

Output files

Load the input fileDetermine the number of rows and columns

Create the file names

Extract the data

Save the data into the new files

Section 10.4Cell Arrays

• The cell array can store different types of data inside the same array

• Each element in the array is also an array

These three arrays all store different data types

Create a cell array using curly braces

• The indexing system used for cell arrays is the same as that used in other arrays.

• You may either use a single index, or a row and column indexing scheme.

• There are two approaches to retrieving information from cell arrays. – Parentheses – results in a description– Curly braces – results in the values

To access a particular element inside an array stored in a cell array, you must use a combination of curly brackets and parentheses

Section 10.5Structure Arrays

• Similar to Cell Arrays

• Multiple arrays of differing data types can be stored in structure arrays

• Instead of using content indexing each of the matrices is given a location called a field

This structure array (struct) contains three fields

This is still a 1x1 structure array – however it has three fields

We can add more content to the structure, and expand its size, by adding more matrices to the fields we’ve defined.

You can access the information using…

• Matrix name

• Field name

• Index numbers

Just calling the matrix name returns a description of the array

You can access the actual arrays you’ve stored in the structure by using an index number to identify which set of data you’re interested in

You can use the field name to access just the data in certain fields. This example returns the arrays in the first field of each member of the structure

Combining an index number and the field name allows you to access one particular array

Finally, if you want to know the content of one particular element in a field you must specify the element index number after the field name.

Array Editor

• You can use the array editor to access the content of a structure array

• Double click the structure array name in the workspace window

• If you double click on one of the elements of the structure in the array editor, the editor expands to show you the contents of that element

Summary

• MATLAB’s primary data structure is the array • MATLAB supports a number of different array

types, each of which can store a particular type of data

• Cell and structure arrays can store more than one data type in the same array

Summary-Data Type

• MATLAB supports the following data types– Numeric

• double

• single

• 8 different types of integers

– Character

– Symbolic

– Logical

Summary - Array Types

• Numeric– double– single– 8 different integer arrays

• Character• Symbolic• Logical• Sparse• Cell• Structure

Summary – Multidimensional Arrays

• Additional dimensions can be stored in MATLAB arrays

• The third dimension is called a page

• Each page must be entered separately as a two-dimensional array

I/OReading and Writing

Example 1: Write to a file with header and numbers

%fid is required for opening a file, here it is gradegrade = fopen('grades.txt','wt'); %fid is a variable, fopen is to open file fprintf(grade,' GRADE\n');fprintf(grade,' -------\n');grades=[82;89;67;90;95;98;67;78;87;80;69;62;76;88;71;70;89]; MaxGrade=max(grades);fprintf('The Maximum Grade is: %0.2f\n',MaxGrade) AvgGrade=grades(1,:);fprintf('The Average Grade is: %0.2f\n',AvgGrade) %pay attention to grade fprintf(grade,'%5.2f %12.8f\n',grade);fclose(grade); %close the file

Reading a filegrade=[];grade_r=fopen('grades.txt','r');while (~feof(grade_r))%feof function end of file% str is just a variable, fscanf is a function that will enable us %to read str=fscanf(grade_r,'%c8',1); %8 characters title1=str; str=fscanf(grade_r,'%c8',1); title2=str; str=fscanf(grade_r,'%g',1); grade=[grade;str]; sapce=fscanf(grade_r,'%2c',1); str=fscanf(grade_r,'%g',1); end_of_line=fscanf(grade_r,'%1c',1); end fclose(grade_r); format long

Reading just the data part of a file

lines=importdata('grades.txt');%load file

x=lines.data; %just the numerical part;

Reading a file with headerlines

grade=[];grade_r=fopen('grades.txt','r');%getting the first col which is string until the end of the file%skipping the first two which are part of headernames=textscan(grade_r, '%s%*[^\n]','headerlines',2);names{1} %names only

%to get the data only:%this could be outside the file reading sectionlines=importdata('grades.txt');%load filesize(lines);x=lines.data %just the numerical part;

fclose(grade_r);