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Climate and Weather. ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather. Climate Zones. The Earth’s Atmospheres. Mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) Troposphere Temperature -50 to 40 Celsius Stratosphere Ozone layer (O 3 ) UV light. Greenhouse Effect. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Climate and Weather Climate and Weather ISCI 2001
Climate and Weather Climate and Weather
Climate Zones Climate Zones
The Earth’s Atmospheres The Earth’s Atmospheres Mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen
(21%)◦Troposphere
Temperature ◦-50 to 40 Celsius
Stratosphere ◦Ozone layer (O3)
◦UV light
Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Terrestrial radiation ‘trapped’ by
greenhouse gases◦Carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect – Greenhouse Effect – Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gases • (1). Carbon dioxide
– Fossil fuels; deforestation; organic decay; forest fires
• (2). Ozone– Sunlight chemically reacts with O2 (natural)– Photochemical smog production
• (3). Methane– Wetlands; biomass burning; termites; organic decay
• (4). Chlorofluorocarbons– Refrigerants; aerosol spray propellants; cleaning solvents
• (5). Nitrous Oxide – Fertilizers; burning of fossil fuels; forests; grasslands
Importance of Ozone Importance of Ozone Absorbs UV radiation
Formed in the stratosphere
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Ozone Holes
GH Effect Importance GH Effect Importance Naturally warms the surface of
the Earth
Keeps the average temperature of the Earth normal (sustain life)◦-18 C otherwise
Global Warming ◦Increased GH effect, GH gases
Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric PressureDensity of air decreases with altitude
◦‘thinning’ of air
Sea Level ◦1cubic meter
Mass 1.2 kg (at 10 km 0.4 kg)
101.3 kPa or 1 atmosphere of pressure
Barometer
Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure
How Winds are produced How Winds are produced Air that flows from high to low pressure
areas◦ Uneven heat of the Earth’s surface
Warm air is lower density and low air pressure Cool air higher density and higher air pressure Isobars
Produces a convection current
Local winds ◦ Small scale changes in convection cells and
pressure gradients ◦ Global wind patterns – prevailing winds
Winds – Convection Cells Winds – Convection Cells
Prevailing Winds – Hadley Prevailing Winds – Hadley Cells Cells
Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect Earth Rotation effects global wind
patterns ◦Objects deviate from straight-line
path including winds – deflected
Deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the Left in the Southern Hemisphere
Jet Streams
Cloud Formation and Cloud Formation and PrecipitationPrecipitationAggregates of water droplets
formed by rising air that expands and cools ◦Cumulus, stratus or cirrus
Cloud Classification Cloud Classification
Cirrocumulus
Cirrostratus
Altocumulus
Cumulonimbus
Air Masses and Fronts Air Masses and Fronts Air Mass
◦Arctic, polar, tropical
Weather Fronts ◦Warm vs Cold Fronts ◦Stationary
Animation
Fronts Fronts
Formation of Cyclones Formation of Cyclones Hurricanes
Tornados
Solar Radiation, Tilting of the Solar Radiation, Tilting of the Earth and the Seasons Earth and the Seasons
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