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Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Structured presentation:with POWERPOINT
Claus Brabrand[ brabrand@itu.dk ]
( “FÅP”: First-year Project Course, ITU, Denmark )
lessness
[ 2 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Outline
Introduction & History Content & Structure Semantics & Consistency Form (tips’n’tricks)
Images Text F onts Colors Themes Animations
Presentation (rehearse + live talk)
1
2
3
4
5
abc
[~Inventio/Dispositio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Memoria/Actio]
Fnt
<T>
[ 3 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
History
Purchased by Microsoft for $14,000,000 USD (July 31, 1987)
Robert Gaskins
PowerPoint was invented by Robert Gaskins in early 1987 under the name “Presenter” for company Forethought, Inc.
[ 4 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Version History (archeology)
PowerPoint 1.0 Black’n’White only! (for ”Overhead projector”)
(Mac: Apr. ’87)
PowerPoint 2.0 Now also in color (for work with ”color 35mm slides”)
(Mac: May ’88; Win: May ’90)
PowerPoint 3.0 Added video-out (for use with ”video projectors”)
(Win: May ’92; Mac: Sep. ’92)
[ 5 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Ubiquitous
PowerPoint is everywhere
Guestimate:
( US population)
After today’s lecture… :-)
300,000,000 users34
[ 6 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
(Popular) Related Tools
OpenOffice.org (aka. ”OO.o”) Free Software (LGPL) based on ”StarOffice” by Sun
Beamer (for use with LaTeX) i.e. good for mathematics:
[ 7 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Outline
Introduction & History Content & Structure Semantics & Consistency Form (tips’n’tricks)
Images Text F onts Colors Themes Animations
Presentation (rehearse + live talk)
1
2
3
4
5
abc
[~Inventio/Dispositio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Memoria/Actio]
Fnt
<T>
[ 8 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Content ~ Kind of Talk
Which kind of talk?: (different ”conventions and appropriateness’es”) Research talk
”conservative” Lecture Debriefing Project presentation … Advertizing talk (aka. ’sales pitch’) ”fancy”
Warning: PowerPoint often
tends towards ”sales pitch”!
(may distract from message) MESSAGE
[ 9 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Note on ”Fancy Effects”
”The fancy effects offered by today’s presentation software should be used only when they contribute more to the message than they distract from it.”
-- Robert Gaskins”Powerpoint at 20: Back to Basics”
Communications of the ACM, 50(12), 2007
MESSAGE
[ 10 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
(Know your) Audience
Prerequisites: Educational level Language & tone (~ type of audience) Technical skills (terminology, abbreviations, …)
Essentially: ”know what your audience knows” i.e., ”empathy”
Mediators of Change (if applicable): Who’s minds are you trying to change? …and will they ”take” your message?
[ 11 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Focal Point of Presentation
Be aware: PowerPoint tends to ”steal the focus”:
May be perfectly okay (in some situations) Just but be aware of it!
Warning: PowerPoint often
tends towards this one…!
Presenter-oriented(~ teacher-centric)
Audience-oriented(~ student-centric)
Monologue(one-way communication)
Interaction(exchange of ideas)
vs.
[ 12 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Audience Concentration
Experiment: Fitted students with pulse readers (during lecture):
puls
e re
adin
gs:
Warning: No long ”talks”
without breaks or variation!
[ 13 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
On Simplicity
”Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem”"All other things being equal, the simplest solution is the best”
-- ”Occam’s Razor”, 14th century(Paraphrased from Latin)
”La semplicità è l'ultima delle sofisticazioni”"Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication”
-- Leonardo da Vinci, (Translated from Italian)
"La perfection est atteinte non quand il ne reste rien à ajouter, mais quand il ne reste rien à enlever""Perfection is achieved: not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing more to remove”
-- Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (Translated from French)
Advantage: PowerPoint
promotes simplicity!
(due to space constraints)
[ 14 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
…but NOT TOO simplistic!
”Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler than that”
-- Albert Einstein
“We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain
their appearances”-- Sir. Isaac Newton
Correlation is not Causation
vs.
Warning: PowerPoint
often tends towards
(over-)simplification!
(Possibly shortest ’true statement’ of phenomenon.)
”Empirically observed covariation is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for causality.”
(Grosly over-simplistic!)
Example from:[Tufte, 2003 ]
[ 15 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Structuring your Talk
Recall the 5 canons (from classical rhetorics): Inventio Disposito Elucutio Memoria Actio
…is how this presentation got organizedAdvantage: PostItsTM
”promote” simplicity!
(due to space constraints)
[ 16 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
1 Point:
One point per slide
[ 17 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Make Structure Explicit
Use outline:(aka. roadmap)
Usually (recommend following structure): Introduction ”say what you are gonna
say”, Body (part 1, 2, …, n) ”say it”, Conclusion ”then, say what you’ve said”.
Advantage: Audience can
follow the explicit structure
(where are we, what next, ..)
a ”progress indicator”may help even further
[ 18 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
(Usually) Don’t useChronological Structure
Chronological: First, we did …; Then, we tried …; Hereafter, we …; …
Post-Processed: The Problem is …; The Solution is …; Problem Solution …;
Initial problem
Final Solution
Warning: Usually
a bad idea for projects
(lots of ”irrelevance”)
Initial problem
Final Solution
Advantage: Easier to
present and follow
(demonstrates reflection)
[ 19 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Other ways of Structuring
Inductive Structure: Deductive Structure:
Introduction
“Build-up”
Solution
Introduction
Solution
“Break-down”
[ 20 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Outline
Introduction & History Content & Structure Semantics & Consistency Form (tips’n’tricks)
Images Text F onts Colors Themes Animations
Presentation (rehearse + live talk)
1
2
3
4
5
abc
[~Inventio/Dispositio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Memoria/Actio]
Fnt
<T>
[ 21 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Form vs. Content
Form and Content are not independent:
Form Contentusually
but also!
”A good ’encoded’ form guide ’decoding’ of the content”:
CONTENT
Content
+ FORM
CONTENT
e” e”“Encod
“Decod
[ 22 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Differential Importance
Use [de-]emphasis to ”encode” importance: Bold, Italics, or emphasis color ”for emphasis”
e.g., This is really important
Gray or Parentheses ”for deemphasize” e.g., (this is not as important)
Standard Color (e.g, black) for ”the rest” e.g., this is of standard importance
Advantage: Helps the
reader tremendously!
(but use consistently)
[ 23 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Semantic Coloring
Use colors to ”encode” content information: Blue for some concept Green for some other concept Purple for some third concept
You can do this…: Globally for entire presentation Locally for one slide/section (caution of ”mix-ups”)
Warning: Your ”color scheme”
will affect overall aesthetics
and ”look-and-feel” (caution)
class Application { Client user; Server db;
Application(Client c, Server s) { this.user = s; this.db = c; db.addClient(user); register(db, user); ...
(e.g., server)
(e.g., client)
(e.g., application)
[ 24 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Consistency
Be meticulously consistent:
Pick a(ny) convention (and stick with it)!
We employ two data-flow analyses to construct a graph […]
We instrument the compiler with an interprocedural data flow analysisthat extracts […]
In Sections 4 and 5, the two parts of the data-flow-analysis are […]
[ 25 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Outline
Introduction & History Content & Structure Semantics & Consistency Form (tips’n’tricks)
Images Text F onts Colors Themes Animations
Presentation (rehearse + live talk)
1
2
3
4
5
abc
[~Inventio/Dispositio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Memoria/Actio]
Fnt
<T>
[ 26 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Images
Use relevant images whenever possible: Improves appearance (if used appropriately) Makes a presentation ”less boring” Helps association (if used appropriately)
May be used as (psychological-)anchors i.e., ”recall” of content/thoughts/discussions/emotions/...
association”Red/black-tree”e.g.,
(Many people ”store”lots of things
effectively /w images)
content
emotions
discussions
thoughts
[ 27 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Locating/creating images: Inspiration: [ images.google.com ] Use digital camera:
Incorporating Images:
Set transparent color (in ”Picture Tool Bar”)
PrtScr Ctrl VCtrl V
Tips’n’Tricks
e.g.,
vs. Unfortunatelyonly one color
Ctrl C
[PrtScr] ; Paint ; <paste> ; [select area] ; <copy> ; PPT ; <paste>
[ 28 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Tips’n’Tricks (cont’d)
Align Images !!! (makes slides look more solid & stable)
Constant space invariants (…same thing)
Moving images precisely [Alt] + mouse [Ctrl] + keys PPT ”window zoom”
(for further increased precision)
DEMO ”SELECT” + ”DISTRIBUTE H/V”
[ 29 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Tips’n’Tricks (cont’d2)
Set ”same height” (for horizontally aligned images)
Set ”same width” (for vertically aligned images)
Compress images (to save space)
[ 30 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Tips’n’Tricks (cont’d2 )
Use arrows to direct attention: (or crossreference)
Use highlighting to emphasis relevance:
2
class Application { Client user; Server db;
Application(Client c, Server s) { ... db.addClient(user); register(db, user);
[ 31 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Text
Avoid / limit ”text-only-slides”: Uninspirational
(…and boooooring!)
Avoid ”full sentences”: many will read 100% i.e., not concentrate on you
Avoid ”orphans”: Lone word on a newline
vs.
not seenot hear
Modality redouplication:
”Less is more”TEXT
In fact (generally):
abc
[ 32 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Bullets!
Use with great caution!!!
”Bullets don’t kill people, people kill people”
-- NRA (National Rifle Association, USA)
Warning: Sequencing is
uni-dimenstional!
chronologically (e.g., earlylate); alphabetically (e.g. ’A’’Z’); logically (e.g. firstlast); xor priority-wise (e.g., highlow)
Warning: Hierarchical info
structures have to be
”linearized” (= flattened) A list can either (be ordered)…:
i.e. one order only (at same time)!
Warning: we loose
structural information!
Warning: we loose
inter-dependencies!
[ 33 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
F Onts
Two (very different!) font design goals:
“No area is so small that you cannot spend your whole life researching it.”
-- M. Schwartzbach(oral communication)
Designed to be read on paper: Designed to be read on screen:
vs.e.g.,: Times Roman (Morison et al., 1931)
Helvetica (Miedinger, 1957)
Arial (Nicholas & Saunders, 1982)
e.g.,: Tahoma (Carter, 1994)
Verdana (Carter, 1996)
Trebuchet (Connare, 1996)
[ 34 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Sans ou Avec Serifs?
”Serif” Fonts: Usually best on paper
”Sans Serif” Fonts: Usually best on screen
Online font readability test:
[ http://edtechfm.sdsu.edu/bhoffman/type/font/intro.htm ]
my scores: population avg.:
[ 35 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Font Usage
Size: Always:
(for quite obvious reasons :-)
Quantity: Maximum:
Use monospace fonts (e.g., ”Courier New”)for code / programming fragments
”font size ≥ 20”
Application(Client c, Server s) { this.db = s; this.user = c; super();}
Otherwise:Use bold or ”wide fonts”(e.g., ”Arial Black”)
”2-3 fonts/presentation”
[ 36 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Colors (cont’d)
Lots of ”bad combinations”:
Note: often poorly reproduced on projectors
Caution with |RGB|-difference (contrast): In general, Maximize this (approximation):
for any adjacent colors (R1, G1, B1) and (R2, G2, B2)
where (R = |R1-R2|, G = |G1-G2|, B = |B1-B2|)
R2 +G2 + B2
”Red on Orange” ”Blue on Green” ”Black on Blue” ”Yellow on White”
[ 37 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Colors
Caution with colorblindness! Red-Green colourblindness:
7–10% of (male) population
(i.e., statistically 2-3 of the ” s” among you in class)
Illustration by:E. W. Scripture, 1895“Thinking, Feeling, Doing”
”Ishihara”(color test plate):
Should say ”74”(”21” or nothing,
if colourblind)
[ 38 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
THEMES
Themes are convenient
BUT: be careful Some are very very very frequently used!!!
<T>
[ 39 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Animations
Animations can make presentation more live
BUT: be careful Many different Inconsistent use Overly fancy
Chaotic / Amateur’ish
[ 40 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Outline
Introduction & History Content & Structure Semantics & Consistency Form (tips’n’tricks)
Images Text F onts Colors Themes Animations
Presentation (rehearse + live talk)
1
2
3
4
5
abc
[~Inventio/Dispositio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Elucutio]
[~Memoria/Actio]
Fnt
<T>
[ 41 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Presentation (recap)
Rehearsal: Test equipment beforehand Get to know room Avoid CO2 drinks before talk
(Auken) Rehearse slide transitions
Presentation flow Plan (dynamic) skip points Get to know personal pace
#slides/minute Incremental uncovering
(aka. ”striptease” ~ OHP) Disable ”menu on right click”
(in Tools>Options>View)
Live presentation: Use all Mathias’ advice
…from BRPO Speak loud & clearly Use ”presenter” Use keys ”b” / ”w”
…for focus on you # + <return>
…to jump to particular slide # Cultural differences
Denmark vs. Germany Subject differences
Science vs. Humanities
[ 42 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Small Exercises
Reflect: How did I make the Title slide?
(i.e., the first slide of this presentation)?
Synthesis: Try out each of the Image Tips’n’Tricks
(in succession)
Analyze: Does this presentation ”take its own medicine”?
Where? Where not (and how could it be improved)?
Apply: Improve your slides
e.g., your BPRO presentation(s)
[ 43 ]Claus Brabrand, ITU, Denmark Feb 05, 2008STRUCTURED PRESENTATION with POWERPOINT(-lessness)
Exercise (for next week!)
Prepare a group presentation on; either: A) ”IT Jobs” – different perspectives:
Skills, competences, & personalities (offered and sought) Team and team-work ”Job Index”-like sites IT job sector vs. other sectors Statistics, analyses, & comparisons
B) ”Evolution” – different perspectives: Historical: Darwin, Beagle, Galápagos, Finches, Mendel, .. Biological: genes, selection, mutation, recombination, … Psychological: Evolutionary psyc. [Pinker, Dawkins, ...] Religious: ”Evolution vs. Intelligent Design” Ideological: human self-image, memetics, …
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