Classification notes2

Word Parts

Eu – true Pro – before “No” good Archea - ancient Kary – nucleus Nomen - name Endo – inside Exo – outside Epi – top Meso – middle

Classification

Scientist

Aristotle – developed the 1st method of classification based on environment of plants and animals

Carolus Linnaeus – a Swedish botanist who developed Binomial nomenclature, a system of classification we still use today.

The 8 Taxon (categories)

Domain – Largest taxonEukary – nucleus and multicellularBacteria – prokary and unicellularArchaea – prokary and unicellular

Species - Smallest and most specific taxon

Domain -Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

Create a mnemonic to help you remember:

1. Dumb King Philip Came Over From Greece Singing

2. dear, kick poor cat off front gate soon

3. You Create…

Species – individuals with similar characteristics that can interbreed (mate) and produce fertile offspring

Is a Liger or Mule a species?

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Binomial Nomenclature

Which animal is larger? Cougar, Panther, or Mountain Lion

Common names can be misleading because different countries give the same animal different names

Rules for writing a Scientific Name using Binomial nomenclature

1. The Genus is the 1st name and

Species is the 2nd name

2. Always capitalize the Genus

3. species name is always lowercase

4. Underline when handwriting and

italicize when typing

Benefits of Scientific Names:

1. Same Language – Latin – scientist all over the world will know Latin

2. Avoids confusion when common names are used (Horsefly)

3. Reflects the relation and classification of organisms

Cladogram Diagram using evolutionary relationships

Phylogenetic Tree

Diagram using genetic (DNA) relationships

5 (1950s) or 6 Kingdoms (1990s) in Classification?

Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista In Monera divided into:

EubacteriaArchaebacteria

Kingdom Monera

Eubacteria

True Bacteria

Identified by Shape

Reproduces Asexually

First Species On Earth

Archeabacteria

Lives in Ancient-like Conditions

Salt Loving – Haleophiles

Heat Loving – Thermophiles

Eubacteria

Commonly called Bacteria.

Defined: A domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls

Examples: E. coli, & streptococcus

Escherichia coli

Peptidoglycan

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

PiliDNAFlagellum

Cell Wall

Viruses:

Head

Tail sheath

DNA

Bacteriophage Tobacco MosaicInfluenza Virus

RNA

Membrane envelope

Tail fiber

RNA

Capsid proteins

Capsid

Surface proteins

Viruses & Antibiotics

A virus is not a living thing so it can not be killed by using an antibiotic.

Bacteria is a living thing so therefore can be killed with a specialized antibiotic.

Protista

Eukaryotes that are not members of the Plant, Animal, or Fungi kingdoms.

The odds and ends Kingdom.

Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

Amoeba – Animal Like Protist

Paramecium

Euglena

Gullet

Flagella

Eyespot

Pellicle

Contractile vacuoleCarbohydratestorage bodies

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Fungi – Mushrooms & Yeast

Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls

Their cell walls contain chitin, a complex carbohydrate.

Known as the Great Decomposers! But eat both the dead and living

Fungi as Parasites

Human Diseases

• Examples of fungus-caused disorders include:

• Athlete’s foot• Ringworm• Thrush• Yeast Infection

Plantae

Multicellular eukaryotes that make their own food by photosynthesis (autotrophs/producers)

Two Types:Bryophyte (nonvascular)Tracheophyte (vascular)

Bryophyte (nonvascular)

Plants that have no stem.

Examples:MossFerns

Tracheophyte (vascular)

Plants that DO have a stem

Two Types:Gymnosperms – naked seeds (cones)

• Examples: Pine Trees, Firs, Spruce

Angiosperms- covered seed plants• Examples: Fruit or Flowering Plants/Trees

A Typical Plant (DRAW)

Roots:• absorbs water

• anchor plants to ground.

Stems:• support system • carries nutrients• defense against

predators and disease.

Leaves:• Photosynthesis/Energy

Flower:•Reproduction

•After fertilization Ovaries turn into Fruit

Internal Structures of a Seed

(Endosperm)

(Protection)

(Future Plant)

Seed Germination

Cotyledons

Bean (dicot)

Germinating seed

Primary root

Young shoot Cotyledons

Seed coat

Foliage leaves

Leaf Structure

Xylem Phloem Vein

Cuticle - Protection

Epidermis

Mesophyll -

Stoma – gas exchange

Parts of a Typical Flower

Ovary

Ovule

Carpel Style

Stigma

Ovary

Filament

AntherStamen

Sepal

Petal

Animalia

Diverse multicellular eukaryotes that feed on others (heterotrophs/consumers)

Two Types: 95% of all animals are invertebratesInvertebrates – have no backboneVertebrates – have a backbone

What Is a Sponge? Sponges are classified as animals because they are:

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Have no cell walls

• Contain a few specialized cells

Form and Function in Sponges

Sponges are asymmetrical; they have no front or back ends, no left or right sides.

Sperm are released from one sponge and are carried by water currents until they enter the pores of another sponge.

Cnidarian

Phylum of mostly marine organisms that contain over 10,000 aquatic species.

Ovary

TestesNervous System

Pharynx

Mouth

Digestive Cavity

Head

Eyespot

Flat-worms

Roundworms

What Is an Annelid?

Annelids are worms with segmented bodies.

Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal or external shell.

Mollusks include snails, slugs, clams, squids, and octopi.

Many mollusks share similar developmental stages.

What Is a Mollusk?

What Is an Arthropod?

Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

Arthropods include insects, crabs, centipedes, and spiders.

Echinoderms

Phylum of marine animals that are recognized by radial symmetry

What Is a Fish?Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most

fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.

Anal fin

Eye

Mouth

Dorsal fin Caudal fin

Operculum (gill cover) Pelvic fin Pectoral fin

Lateral line

Scales

• Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes: lampreys and hagfishes.

Lamprey

Groups of Fishes

Sharks

• The class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays, skates, sawfishes, and chimaeras.

Bony Fishes

• Fish such as tuna, salmon, perch, and catfish

Amphibians

Groups of Amphibians

The three groups of amphibians alive today are:

• Salamanders

• Frogs and toads

• Caecilians

Reptiles

Evolution of Reptiles

Triassic Reptiles

Groups of Reptiles

The four surviving groups of reptiles are:

• Lizards and snakes

• Crocodilians

• Turtles and tortoises

• Tuataras

Groups of Birds (Aves) There are nearly 30 different orders of

birds.

The largest order of birds is the passerines, or perching birds.

Other groups of birds include: pelicans, parrots, birds of prey, cavity-nesting birds, herons, and ostriches.

Introduction to the Mammals

All mammals have hair, mammary glands, breathe air, a 4 chambered heart, and are endothermic.

In females, mammary glands produce milk to nourish the young.

Endothermic – generate own body heat

Mammals

Mammals

Monotremes – egg laying Platypus / Anteaters

Marsupials – have pouch Kangaroo / Koalas / Wombats

Placentals – fetal development in uterus See List on Page 830

Placental Mammals

There are twelve orders of placental mammals:

1. Insectivores (insect eaters with long, narrow snouts and sharp claws)

Examples include shrews, hedgehogs, and moles

2. Sirenians (large, slow moving mammals that live in aquatic environments)

Examples include manatees and dugongs.

3. Cetaceans (aquatic mammals that must come to the surface to breathe)

Examples include whales and dolphins.

4. Chiropteran (winged mammals)

Examples are bats

5. Rodents (have a single pair of long, curved incisor teeth)

Examples include mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, gophers, and chipmunks

6. Perissodactyls (hoofed mammals with an odd number of toes on each foot)

Examples include horses, tapirs, rhinoceros, and zebras

7. Carnivores (have sharp claws and teeth that they use to catch, kill, and eat prey)

Examples are dogs, fox, bear, raccoon, and walruses

8. Artiodactyls (hoofed mammals with an even number of toes on each foot)

Examples are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, giraffe, camels, antelope, and hippopotamuses.

9. Lagomorphs (herbivores with two pairs of incisors and hind legs adapted for jumping)

Examples are hares and rabbits

10.Xenarthrans (simple teeth without enamel, or no teeth)

Examples include sloths, anteaters, and armadillos

11. Proboscideans (mammals with trunks)

Examples are Asian and African Elephants (Extinct: Mammoths)

12. Primates (highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors)

Examples are lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, and humans

Animal Behaviors

Innate Behavior (instinct) – born with knowledge

Learned Behavior(aquired) – developed

over time

Imprinting - Innate/Learned Combined

Social – interaction between individuals

4 Types of Learned Behavior

1. Habituation – ignoring

2. Classical Conditioning – mental connection between reward or punishment (Pavlov)

3. Operant Conditioning/Trial-and-Error – repeated practice (Skinner Box)

4. Insight – reasoning

Social Behaviors

Territory – guarded area

Society – colonies, schools, packs

Communication Visual – Puffer Fish Sounds – Rattle Snake Touch/Agression – Moose/Rams Smell/Pheromones – Dogs/Humans

Behavior Cycles

Seasonal – Hibernation, Estivation, Migration

Daily – circadian rhythms

Yearly – Courtship/mating