Classification Chapter 17. History of Classification Early Systems of Classification Classification:...

ClassificationChapter 17

Early Systems of ClassificationClassification: grouping

of objects or organisms

based on a set of criteria

oBiologists use a system

of classification to organize information

about the diversity of

living things.oAristotle and Linnaeus

o394 – 322 BCoDeveloped 1st widely

accepted system of biological classification

oClassified organisms

as either animals or plants

oAnimals were classified

according to the presence or

absence of “red blood.”

oAnimals were further grouped

according to their habitats

and morphology.oPlants were classified by

average size and structure as

trees, shrubs, or herbs.

Proble

oBased upon the idea

that species are distinct and unchanging. Doesn’t

account for evolution.oMany organisms didn’t

fit into a category.o Example: Birds who

don’t fly.

Linnaeus’

o1707 – 1778oFirst formal system of

taxonomyoTaxonomy: discipline

of biology primarily concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species

based on natural relationships

Linnaeus’

oBinomial Nomenclature: method

of naming organisms that

uses a TWO PART name

for each speciesoPart One: Genus name

oPart Two: Specific epithet

(AKA specific name)NOTE: Latin is the basis for

binomial nomenclature

because it is an unchanging

language.

oScientific names are

used for species because:o Common names vary

from person to persono Common names can be

misleadingo Example: Starfish are

NOT fish. Horned owls do

NOT have horns.

o The first letter of the genus name

always is capitalized, but the rest

of the genus name and all letters

of the specific epithet are

lowercase.o If a scientific name is written in a

printed book or magazine, it

should be italicized.oWhen a scientific name is written

by hand, both parts of the name

should be underlined.

o After the scientific name has been

written completely, the genus

name will be abbreviated to the

first letter in later appearances

(e.g., C. cardinalis).

oThe taxonomic categories

used by scientists are

part of a nested-hierarchal system.

oEach category is contained within another,

and they are arranged

from broadest to most

specific.

oTaxa: named group of

organismsoA genus is a group of

species that are closely

related and share a common ancestor.

Genus E

Ursus americanus

thibetanus

Melursus ursinus

SAME GENUS

Different GENUS

oA family is the next higher taxon, consisting of similar,

related genera.o Example: Ursidaeo Contains all bears

( Both Ursus and Melursus)o Contains NINE different

species of bears

oAn order contains related

families.oA class contains related

orders.oA phylum or division

contains related classes.

oThe taxon of related phyla

or divisions is a kingdom.

oThe domain is the broadest of all the taxa

and contains one or more

kingdoms.

oDomainoKingdomoPhylumoClassoOrderoFamilyoGenusoSpecies

oThe most widely used

biological classification

system has six kingdoms and three

domains.oThe three domains

are Bacteria, Archaea,

and Eukarya.oThe six kingdoms are

Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plantae,

and Animalia.

riaoEubacteria are

prokaryotes

whose cell walls

contain

peptidoglycan.

oEubacteria are

a diverse

group that can

survive in

many different

environments.

oArchaea are thought to

be more ancient than

bacteria and yet more

closely related to our

eukaryote ancestors.oArchaea are diverse in

shape and nutrition requirements.oThey are called

extremophiles because

they can live in extreme environments.

oThey are called extremophiles because

they can live in extreme

environments.oDomain Eukarya contains Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi,

Kingdom Plantae, and

Kingdom Animalia.

Protista

oProtists are

eukaryotic

organisms that

can be

unicellular,

colonial, or

multicellular.

oProtists are

classified into

three different

groups: plant-

like, animal-like,

and fungus-like.

oA fungus is a

unicellular or

multicellular

eukaryote that

absorbs

nutrients from

organic

materials in its

environment

oMembers are

heterotrophic,

lack motility,

and have cell

walls.

eoMembers of

Kingdom Plantae

form the base of

all terrestrial

habitats.

oAll plants are

multicellular and

have cell walls

composed of

cellulose.

oMost plants are

autotrophs, but

some are

heterotrophic.

oAll animals are

heterotrophic,

multicellular

eukaryotes.

oAnimal organs

often are

organized into

complex organ

systems.

oThey live in the

water, on land,

and in the air.

Classification Chapter 17. History of Classification Early Systems of Classification Classification:...

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