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Classical and Hellenistic Greece
The Rise of Macedon(355 - 336 BCE)
Macedon Before ca. 350 BCE
“A backward, semi-barbaric land”
People related to Greeks
Not a very powerful country
Philip II
Philip II
Ruled 359 - 336 BCE
Shrewd, ambitious, unscrupulous politician
Got control of gold mines of Amphipolis:
• bribe Greek politicians
• build roads
• build up army
Philip II
Powerful army, but also skilled diplomat
• tricks his way into control of some Greek city-states
• attacks & conquers others
Demosthenes (384 - 322 BCE) warns Athens, but…
Philip II
Battle at Chaeronea is the final defeat
Ruled Greeks leniently
Corinthian League (338 BCE)
Philip II
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Secures Greece
Moves on Persian Empire in 334 BCE
• Captures Asia Minor
• Battles in northern Syria
• Takes Egypt & Mesopotamia
• Occupies, then destroys Persepolis
Alexander the Great
Alexander’s Death
323 BCE, dies of fever at age 33
Various generals take their own piece of the empire:
• Antigonus I ~ “Antigonid Dynasty”
• Seleucus I ~ “Seleucid Dynasty”
• Ptolemy I ~ “Ptolemies”
Hellenistic Civilization & CultureHellenistic Civilization & Culture
Hellenistic Civilization
Things on a much larger scale
Fusion / influence of many more cultures
Greek influence dominates
Building Greek Cities in the East
Hellenistic Culture
The Arts
Medicine
Philosophy
Math & Science
Alexandria, Egypt
Royal Library of Alexandria
• (and Musaeum)
Hellenistic Art
“Old Market Woman”2nd Century BCE
“Aphrodite of Melos”(Venus de Milo) ca. 130 - 100 BCE
$ Advances:• heart as a pump with valves
• use pulse as diagnostic tool
• distinguish between veins & arteries
• nervous system - motion & sensation; brain - intelligence
Hellenistic Medicine
Hellenistic Medicine
$ Cynics Diogeneso reject social conventions & avoid
luxuries
o kosmopolites ~ citizens of the world
o fulfill natural needs in simplest, most direct way
Hellenistic Philosophy
$ Skeptics Pyrrho• pointed out weaknesses in
arguments/beliefs of other schools
• can’t observe/experience things like the ultimate purpose of the universe or life, justice, divinity, the soul, etc. so no need to believe in or worry about them
• nothing can be known
Hellenistic Philosophy
$ Epicurians Epicurus• goal of life is human happiness
• avoid pain, trouble, responsibility
• primacy of sense perception
• practical atheism
Hellenistic Philosophy
$ Stoics Zeno• guiding principle of the world is divine
reason
• happiness comes from living virtuously; virtue is a will in harmony with nature
• strength & self-control to avoid destructive emotions (passions)
Hellenistic Philosophy
$ Scientists / Mathematicians:• Euclid
• Archimedes
• Aristarchus
• Hipparchus, Ptolemy
• Eratosthenes
Hellenistic Science
The bridge of asses theorem states that A=B and C=D.
The sum of angles A, B, and C is equal to 180 degrees.
Pythagoras' theorem: The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (a and b) of a right triangle equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).
Thales' theorem: if AC is a diameter, then the angle at B is a right angle.
next up…
Rome
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