Cladograms

CLADOGRAMS

DE

TE

RM

I NI N

G E

VO

L UT

I ON

AR

Y R

EL A

TI O

NS

HI P

S

Which type of plant is most closely related to flowering

plants?CONIFERS

HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

o Aristotle – Plants and Animals o Linneaus – developed BINOMIAL

NOMENCLATUREo TWO KINGDOMS: plants and

animalso THREE kingdoms: plant,

animal, Protisto FIVE kingdoms: plant, animal,

Protist, fungi, Moneran

CLASSIFICATION

K

•Kingdom

P

•Phylum

C

•Class

O

•Order

F

•Family

G

•Genus

S

•Species

Scientific name is genus and species name. Organisms in same genus are closely related

FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

Moneran• Bacteria• Prokaryotic• No nucleus• Have cell wall• Unicellular• Can be

heterotrophic or autotrophic

Protist• Protozoans,

algae• Eukaryotic• Have nucleus• Some have cell

wall• Mainly

unicellular• Can be

heterotrophic or autotrophic

Fungi• Mushroom,

yeast• Eukaryotic• Have nucleus• Have cell wall• Mainly

multicellular• heterotrophic

Plant• Moss, fern,

trees, flowers• Eukaryotic• Have nucleus• Have cell wall• All multicellular• autotrophic

Animal• Sponge,

annelids, amphibians, birds, mammals

• Eukaryotic• Have nucleus• No cell wall• All multicellular• heterotrophic

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

• Always begin with #1• Follow directions using choices given• What shape is “Gina”?• Equilateral triangle

TYPES OF PLANTS

Bryophytes• Non-vascular

• No xylem or phloem• Examples are mosses• They are small• Have to be near water• No pollen, seeds, flowers, or

fruits

Gymnosperms• Vascular

• Xylem to move water• Phloem to move food

• Examples are conifers• Have pollen (sperm)• Have seeds on cones• No fruits or flowers

Angiosperms• Vascular

• Xylem to move water• Phloem to move food

• Examples are flowering plants like oak trees, corn, and roses

• Have pollen (sperm)• Have seeds in fruits• Have flowers

PLANT ADAPTATIONS

R O O T , S T E M , L E A F

Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairsLeaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and greenStems move water with xylem

F L O W E R S A N D F R U I T S

Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators

Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by animals

When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary

The ovary becomes the fruit

Fruit surrounds and protects seed

Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds away from parent plant

TYPES OF ANIMALS

Annelids•Segmented worms•No backbone•“breathe” through skin

•Closed circulatory system

•External fertilization•External development

Insects•No backbome•Three body segments

•Six legs•Wings•Open circulatory system

•External fertilization•Females may store sperm

•External development

•metamorphosis

Amphibians•Have backbone•Moist skin•Gills when young, lungs when adult

•Three chambered heart

•Cold-blooded•External fertilization•External development

•Metamorphosils•Jelly like egg

Mammals•Backbone•Hair•Milk glands•Lungs•Four chambered heart

•Warm-blooded•Internal fertilization•Internal development

•Amniote egg