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7/31/2019 CIS300 Slides Chapter 6 (1)
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in a Changing Society, 3rd Edition
Understanding Computers
Chapter 6: Intellectual
Property Rights andEthics
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Chapter 6 Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 3rd Edition 2
Learning Objectives
Understand the concept of intellectual property rightsand how they relate to computer use.
Explain what is meant by the term ethics.
Provide several examples of unethical behavior in theuse of intellectual property.
Explain what computer hoaxes and digital
manipulation are and how they relate to computerethics.
Understand how ethics can impact business practices
and decision making. Discuss the current status of legislation related to
intellectual property rights and ethics.
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Chapter 6 Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 3rd Edition 3
Overview
This chapter covers: Intellectual property rights
A discussion of ethics in the context of computer
use and specifically: Use of copyrighted materials
Use of resources and information
Computer hoaxes and digital manipulation
Business practices and decision making
Culture
A look at legislation related to these issues
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Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual property rights: Rights to whichcreators of original creative works are entitled
Copyrights: Protect original artistic orliterary works
Last until 70 years after creators
deathFor corporate copyrights
or anonymous works, last
95 years from date ofpublication or 120 yearsfrom date of creation,
whichever is shorter
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Intellectual Property Rights
Copyright = Exclusive rights to publish, reproduce,distribute, perform, display the work
Can be claimed and use upon creation,
but can also be registeredTo use copyrighted material
Obtain permission from copyright holder
Pay any required fee
One exception is the legal concept of fair use
Permits limited duplication and use of copyrightedmaterials for specific purposes
Criticism, commentary, news reporting,teaching, research
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Intellectual Property Rights
To protect rights, can use: Digital watermarks: Subtle alteration of digital
content that is not noticeable but that can
identify the copyright holder Digital rights management (DRM) software:
Software that control the
use of a copyrighted work(specifies what can bedone with the work,such as print, view, copy,etc.)
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Intellectual Property Rights
Trademarks : Protect identifyingwords, phrases, symbols, logos,and designs that identifies and
distinguishes one product orservice from another
Usually appears on product
packaging with theappropriate trademark symbol
Trademarked words andphrases and trademarkedlogos are common
Last ten years, but can berenewed
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Intellectual Property Rights
Includes protection for domain names(cybersquatting and typosquatting)
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
Punishes cybersquatting with penalties up to$100,000 for each willful domain registrationthat infringes on a trademark
Domain name disputes can be brought to: Registry service that registered the name
Arbitration and Mediation Center of the World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)Specialized agency of the United Nationsthat resolves international commercialdisputes about intellectual properties
between private parties
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Intellectual Property Rights
Patents : Protectinventions
Grants exclusive
rights of an inventionto its inventor for 20years
Can also protect abusiness practice orprocedure
Expensive to get butcan be very lucrative
Typically a uniqueproduct or new way
of doing something
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Ethics
Ethics: Overall standards of moral conductCan vary with individual and religious beliefs,
country, race, or culture
Personal ethics: Guide an individuals personalbehavior
Business ethics: Guide workplace behavior and abusinesss policies, decisions, and actions
Computer ethics: Concern moral conduct related to
computer use Individuals and businesses need to make ethical
decisions every day
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Materials
Books and Web-based articles need to properly creditsources to avoid plagiarism
Cannot be reproduced, presented as original work,
used in any unauthorized mannerStrict consequences for plagiarism (presenting
someone elses work as your own)
Plagiarism is: Violation of copyright law
Unethical behavior
Colleges and universities have strict rulesagainst plagiarism
Online tests for plagiarism are available and widely
used by schools
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Materials
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Materials
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Materials
Music: Debate began with NapsterP2P sites and downloading music has raised many
issues about the legal and ethical use of music
Downloading music without compensating the artistand record label is a copyright violation
Law enforcement agencies and recordingindustry are pursuing violators
Digital Rights Management (DRM) tools can:
Limit the legal actions a person can take withpurchased music
Impact downloaded files and purchased CDs
Fair use: Once an MP3 file or CD has beenpurchased, considered fair use to transfer songs to
a CD or digital player for personal use
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Materials
Movies: Movie piracy is high (illegal copies, recordingpre-release movies to create DVDs, etc.)
Since the production of Betamax in 1984, concern
about movie piracy has increased dramaticallyEven more today, as digital content can be
reproduced without losing quality
Distributing bootleg copies of movies is illegal andunethical
Often happens via the Internet
DRM controls on downloaded movies can slowpiracy
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Ethical Use of Copyrighted Materials
Legal prosecution for copyright violations for bothmusic and movies is increasing
MPAA has also started pursuing civil action against
piratesFamily Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005:
Makes transmitting or recording a movie during a
performance in a U.S. theater illegalAnti-Piracy seal reminds consumers that movie
piracy is illegal
Ethi l U f R
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Ethical Use of Resourcesand Information
School or company resourcesCode of conduct: : Policy that specifies allowable
use of resources by students or employees
Students and employees should be familiar withwhat is considered acceptable use of resources
Code of ethics: Policy, typically for an industry or
organization, that specifies overall moral guidelinesfor individuals in that industry or organization
Whistleblowers have some protection under the
law
Ethi l U f R
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Ethical Use of Resourcesand Information
Ethical Use of Resources
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Ethical Use of Resourcesand Information
Employee and customer informationBusinesses need to decide what is ethical use of
employee and customer Information
Share customer information (e-mail address, IPaddress) with foreign governments?
If legal, should a business sell customer
information?Businesses may be legally bound by:
Employee confidentiality agreements
Union contracts
Customer privacy policy
Business schools are increasing business ethics
Ethical Use of Resources
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Ethical Use of Resourcesand Information
Cheating and falsifying informationCheating at high schools and
colleges is rampant
Cheating on assignments Cheating during in-class
and online exams
Plagiarizing documentsAcademic honor codes
Effective in reducing
cheating
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Cheating and Falsifying Information
Rsum padding: Providing false information in anattempt to look more qualified for a job
Dishonest and unethical
Recent study showed 84% of job seekers believe thatpadding is done by a significant number of candidates
Is considered unethical by most companies
Background checks are easily available online Other places where information is commonly falsified
Advertising
Chat rooms
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Computer Hoaxes
Computer hoax: Inaccurate statement or story spreadthrough the use of computers
Sometimes on Web pages, but more common in e-
mail Common subjects
Nonexistent computer viruses
Health risks from a certain consumer product Impending terrorist attacks
Chain letters
Free prize giveaways
Computer Hoaxes and
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Computer Hoaxes andDigital Manipulation
Computer hoax: An inaccurate statement or storyspread through the use of computers
Often sent via e-mail
Inaccurate info posted on a Web site or a wiki canalso be considered a computer hoax
Consider researching a possible hoax beforepassing on to others (Hoaxbusters site is a goodsource)
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Computer Hoaxes
Fig06-09
Computer Hoaxes and
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Computer Hoaxes andDigital Manipulation
Digital manipulation: Digitally altering text, images,photographs, music, and other digital content
Some beneficial ethical uses (aging photos of
runaways, retouching personal photographs, etc.Use by media is more controversial
Misuse of digital manipulation can hurt credibility
of journalists and publications Difficult to tell in the future if a historical photo
was manipulated
Can be used to misquote people or repeatcomments out of context
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Digital Manipulation
Ethical Business Practices and
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Ethical Business Practices andDecision Making
Businesses need to make ethical decisions regarding:Fraudulent reporting and other scandalous
activities
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Includesprovisions to improve the quality of financialreporting
Ethically questionable products or services Decisions regarding products or services some
individuals find objectionable
Proof of age requirements for selling liquor,tobacco, and other adult products via Internet
Online age verification is an emerging option
Ethical Business Practices and
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Ethical Business Practices andDecision Making
Ethical Business Practices and
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Ethical Business Practices andDecision Making
Vaporware: Announced products that do not exist Sometimes not intentional
Other times designed to get customers to wait
for the upcoming product rather than buying anexisting competitive product
Workplace monitoring: Majority of businesses
monitor employees in some way U.S. businesses have the right to ensure
productivity, but some believe they have an
ethical responsibility to inform employees of anymonitoring
Ethical Business Practices and
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Ethical Business Practices andDecision Making
Cultural considerations Ethics vary within a country as well as from
country to country
Some acts may be socially acceptable orconsidered ethical in one country, but notanother
Laws also vary from country to country Individuals and businesses need to consider
both legal and ethical issues in global
transactions Some business schools and corporations are
including diversity and cross-cultural training
C l l C id i
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Cultural Considerations
R l d L i l i
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Related Legislation
S
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Summary
Intellectual Property Rights
Ethics
Related Legislation
Recommended