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Church Reform and the Crusades

The Catholic Church launches Crusades against Muslims.

Chronology

1. The First Crusade: 1147-1148

2. The Second Crusade: 1147-1148

3. Salahuddin Regains Jerusalem: 1187

4. Third Crusade: 1189-1192

5. Fourth Crusade: 1200-1204 (Sacking Constantinople)

6. Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail

7. Children’s Crusade: 1212

8. Spanish Crusade: 1100-1492 (Inquisition)

Reform and Church Organization

Starting in the 1100s, popes reorganize the Church like a kingdom

Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe

Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick or poor

“Peasants paying tithes” (17th century) school of Pieter Brueghel the Younger

The Crusades: The Beginning 1093

In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks

Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”

Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos who asked Pope Urban II for help (left)

Artistic depiction of Pope Urban II (left), and him preaching the First Crusade (right)

Goals of the Crusades

1. Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem 2. Kings use Crusades to send away knights who

cause trouble3. Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by

fighting (although historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because the first three crusades were led by the heads of the royal families of Europe).

4. Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade.

The First Crusade1096-1099

First Crusade: 1096-1099

Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven

First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097

Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099

Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

People’s Crusade/ First Crusade

Peter the Hermit went around preaching and asked people to march with him to Jerusalem. Majority of the people were unarmed. Most of them died and they turned back.

Meanwhile an army formed in South France. Count Raymond led the volunteers from

Provence France.

Godfrey of Bouillon led the Rhine lands. Normandy was led by William, Robert the

conquror’s son. Northern Italy was led by Bohemond.

Jerusalem The reason of the

first crusade was to regain the Holy land and Jerusalem from the Muslims

The Second Crusade1147-1148

Second Crusade: 1147-1148

Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second crusade fails to retake it

In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem

Left: an artistic representation of Saladin

Right: Saladin the Victorious by

Gustave Dore

2nd Crusade

Everyone went to Constantinople on their own time. The army left with 700,000 men and 100,000 were knights. They went down the Mediterranean coast. One of the battles on the way to Jerusalem was the siege of Antioch. They lost 75% of their men in Antioch. When they finally reached Jerusalem, the army failed to take Jerusalem on the first attempt but succeeded on the second. Once in Jerusalem they killed the majority of the Muslims there and they looted all the houses.

The Second Crusade

• It was formally announced by Pope Eugene III• Was the first Crusade to be led by

European Kings from France and Germany

• The Second Crusade took place between 1145-1149

With this ill advised attack on the city of Damascus, the crusaders lost a lot of men and it was a huge success for the Muslims

This ultimately gave key influence

to the fall of Jerusalem and give

rise to the third Crusade in the 12th century

The Second Crusade Downfall

Saladin (Salahuddin): 1187

In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem

Above: an artistic representation of Saladin

Left: Saladin the Victorious by

Gustave Dore

The Third Crusade1189-1192

The Third Crusade: 1189-1192

The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers

Richard I of England—”The Lion-Hearted”

Phillip II of France

Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

The Third Crusade

One is Richard the Lion-Hearted (king of England)

The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade.

19th-century portrait of Richard by Merry-Joseph Blondel

The Third Crusade

Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard

The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

The Third Crusade

Frederick I of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) drowns during the journey

Above: A depiction of Frederick I drowning in the Saleph River in Turkey from the Saxon Chronicle.

The Third Crusade

In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles

Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city

THE THIRD CRUSADE

• Lasted between 1189-1192

• It was also known as the kings Crusade

• The Crusade was an attempt to take back the holy land, it was largely successful but fell short of its final goal

The Fourth Crusade1200-1204

The Crusading Spirit Dwindles

Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204

The Crusading Spirit Dwindles:The Later Crusades Fourth Crusade (1200-1204)

Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it.

The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204

Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims Looting of Constantinople, painting by

Eugene Delacroix, 1840

The Children’s Crusade1212

In 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade.

The Children’s Crusade

The traditional story says that in 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade.

But these stories are surrounded by legend and fiction. The fact that this really happened is disputed.

The Children’s Crusade by Gustave DoréThis event may very well merely be a legend embellished over time.

Two Stories about the Children’s Crusade Leader: Nicholas Country: Germany Purpose: intended to lead a crusade

to convert the Muslims to Christianity by the preaching of children. Nicholas promised a miracle that the waters of the Mediterranean would divide so they could walk to the Holy Land.

Result: A following of about 7,000 people, both adults and children arrive in Genoa, Italy after preaching a crusade throughout Germany and crossing the Alps. The waters did not divide. The movement continues to Rome but begins to break up. The Pope instructs the group to return home. Nicholas does not survive the return home.

Leader: Stephen Country: France Purpose: He claims

Jesus appeared to him and gave him a letter for the king of France.

Result: Phillip II, king of France is unimpressed. Stephen, however, continues to preach and tries to lead a group to Marseilles. It seems like many surviving youths returned to their families.

The Spanish Crusade

Christians fight: Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492

A Spanish Crusade

Most of Spain controlled by Muslim people

Christians fight: Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492

Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians

Inquisition scene of people accused of heresy being tortured.

The Effects of the Crusades

Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight

Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs

Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia

Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings

Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians

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