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Alternative Fish to Culture in Aquaponics
Chris Hartleb University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Aquaponics Innovation Center
Aquaponic System (Coupled)
Fish tanks
Clarifier (solids filter)
Mineralization tanks
Raft tank Water pump
Degassing tank & biofilter
Air pump
Aquaponic System (Decoupled)
• Raise cool and cold water fish • Greater management
Selection Criteria
• Compatibility – fish, plants, bacteria, humans • Availability – source of fish, regulations & quantity • Marketing – will you sell them? To whom?
Compatibility
Plants
Compromise: Temperature: 70-80oF / 21 - 26oC pH = 7.0
Bacteria
Parameter Optimum Range
Temperature: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
68 – 86oF / 20 – 30oC 82 – 100oF / 28 – 38oC
pH: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
7.2 – 7.8 7.2 – 8.2
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH Preferred: 5.8 - 6.2 Maximum: 7.0 - 7.5
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH 7.0 – 8.0
Fish
Availability
• Know your nursery provider • Quarantine new fish • Acclimate upon arrival • Year-round availability or when you need it?
Marketing
• Raise fish that customers want to buy • Sell your fish before you grow them • No such thing as too much marketing • Enthusiasm > Knowledge
Factors Affecting Fish Growth Rate
• Water quality • Water temperature • Age/size • Health • Genetics • Stocking density
Generalized Fish Categories
Group DO required Ammonia tolerance
Protein requirement
Temperature (oF)
Coldwater >5 mg/L Low High <60
Coolwater >5 mg/L Low Moderate 60-75
Warmwater >2 mg/L Moderate Moderate >75
Tolerance Ranges
Commercial, Specialty & Home-made
Specialty
• Specialty feed that utilizes the same unique formulation approach as our other feeds for superior fish health, performance and water quality.
• We add several critical modifications targeted to promote more rapid plant growth, improved plant budding & fruiting, as well as preserving organic standards. $55 per bag
Nutrition Required elements in fish diet
Essential amino acids
Non-essential amino acids
Vitamins Minerals Elements for plants
Arginine Alanine Thiamine Organic (protein) Nitrogen
Histidine Asparagine Riboflaven Potassium Potassium
Isoleucine Aspartate Pyridoxine Calcium Calcium
Leucine Cysteine Pantothenate Magnesium Magnesium
Lysine Glutamate Biotin Phosphorus Phosphorus
Methionine Glutamine Choline Sulfur Sulfur
Phenylalanine Glycine Folate Chlorine Chlorine
Threonine Proline Ascorbic acid Sodium
Tryptophan Serine Vitamin A Iron Iron
Valine Tyrosine Vitamin D Boron
Vitamin E Manganese Manganese
Vitamin K Zinc Zinc
Vitamin B12 Copper Copper
Molybdenum Molybdenum
Nickel Nickel Iodine, Cobalt, Fluorine, Vanadium, Chromium, Selenium, Tin, Silicon
87% Overlap Nutrient Percent of feed
Protein 45%
Fat 22%
Moisture 10%
Ash 2%
Carbohydrates 25%
Similarities Fish Plants
Phosphorus Phosphorus
Manganese Manganese
Copper Copper
Iron Iron
Potassium Potassium
Calcium Calcium
Magnesium Magnesium
Zinc Zinc
Cobalt Boron*
Selenium Molybdenum*
Iodine Sulfur*
Protein Nitrogen
Food 100% N 100% P
Retained in Tissues 30% N 32% P
Dissolved 87% N 10-40% P
Solids 13% N 60-90% P
Effluent 70% N 68% P
Tilapia • 4th most consumed fish in U.S. • Dominated by foreign imports • Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue
tilapia (O. aureus), Mossambuque tilapia (O. mossambicus)
• Monosex male • RAS production (70% of industry in U.S.)
– Wide tolerance ranges – Crowding – Off-flavor – Less expensive feed
Culture factor Range
Temperature 64 - 90oF (17 - 32oC)
Dissolved oxygen 3 – 10 mg/L
pH 7 – 8
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.04 mg/L
Nitrite-N 0 – 0.8 mg/L
Hardness 50 - 350 mg/L
CO2 0 – 30 mg/L
Tilapia
• Separate nursery & grow-out in U.S. • Disease tolerant but not immune • Problems with uniformity of size • Crowded market • Processing
Tilapia Considerations
• Variety of products from live to IQF – Price $0.45 to $6 per lb (IQF import to live retail) – Foreign imports dominate market
Yellow Perch • Good market centered 50-miles
around Great Lakes – Wild supply low
• RAS production – Disease issues
• Indoor fry needed
– Low tolerance to TSS – Poor history
• Highly variable growth • Fry availability • Monosex female does best
Culture factor Tolerance range
Temperature 70 - 75oF (21 - 24oC)
Dissolved oxygen 3.5 - 10 mg/L
pH 6.5 – 9
Ammonia 0 – 0.0125 mg/L
Nitrite 0 – 1.0 mg/L
Hardness 50 - 400 mg/L
CO2 0 – 5 mg/L
Walleye • Market
– Fillets (8-10 oz, 1.5-2 lb live) – Petite fillets (4 oz, 1-1.5 lb live)
• RAS – 9 – 15 months
• Hybrid (walleye female x sauger male)
• Hurdles – Non-inflation of swim bladder – Cannibalism – Starter diet – Husbandry practices
Culture factor Range
Temperature 68 - 75oF (20 - 24oC)
Dissolved oxygen 5 – 6 mg/L
pH 6 – 9
Ammonia-N 0 – 0.02 mg/L
Nitrite-N 0 – 0.2 mg/L
Hardness 50 - 350 mg/L
CO2 0 – 10 mg/L
Sunfish
• Panfish and stocking • Pond production & reproduction
– Multiple spawnings per year & out of season
– Sorting & culling – 2 years to panfish size
• RAS production – Adaptable to crowding & poor
water quality • Accepts commercial diets
– >35% protein • 30% fillet yield
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Wei
ght (
mm
)
Length (mm)
Pond 6 LC
Pond 5 IS
Pond 4 IS
Pond 3 LC
Pond 2 LC
Pond 1 IS
Centrarchids (Sunfish)
• Hybrids – Bluegill male x green female – Bluegill male x redear female – Redear male x bluegill female
• Monosex males – Super males
Culture factor Tolerance range
Temperature 68 - 85oF (20 - 29oC)
Dissolved oxygen 4 - 10 mg/L
pH 7 – 8.5
Ammonia 0 – 0.01 mg/L
Nitrite 0 – 0.8 mg/L
Hardness 50 - 200 mg/L
CO2 0 - 25 mg/L
Largemouth Bass • Mostly sportfish
– Limited live market foodfish • Pond raised
– Pond-tank-pond method – Feeding training (50% success) – Little nutrition research
• Slow growing – 2-3 years to reach 1½ lbs
• Finishing growth hurdle – Strain selection
• Northern largemouth bass & Florida largemouth bass • Cannibalism
Catfish
• Pond raised • Fry available • Diet available • Established market • Strong foreign import effect
Culture factor Tolerance range
Temperature 70 - 90oF (21 - 32oC)
Dissolved oxygen >4 mg/L
pH 7 – 8
Ammonia 0 – 0.05 mg/L
Hardness 25-100 mg/L
CO2 <10 mg/L
Koi and Goldfish
• Ornamental market • Can be highly valued • Fry and diet available
Culture factor Tolerance range
Temperature 65 - 75oF (18 - 24oC)
Dissolved oxygen 4 - 10 mg/L
pH 6 – 8
Ammonia 0 – 0.08 mg/L
Nitrite 0 – 0.6 mg/L
Hardness 50 - 350 mg/L
CO2 0 – 25 mg/L
Baitfish
• Pond culture & wild harvest – Winterkill or treated ponds
• Fathead minnow, white suckers, golden shiner, lake shiner, mud minnow, rosy red, etc.
• Tied to recreational fishing and used as forage • Large industry in sales (U.S.)
– Regional demand by species • Demand > Supply
– Interstate transport regulations
Trout & Salmon Biologically feasible
Eggs available year-round Domesticated
Technically practical Some of the oldest production in U.S.
Economically viable Strong consumer demand Valued US consumption >20x domestic production
Salmonid Growth @ 15oC in RAS
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 810 900
Mea
n w
eigh
t, g
Post-hatch, days
Atlantic salmon (24 hr light & 6 week S0 photoperiod)Rainbow trout (24 hr light)Arctic char (24 hr light)Coho Salmon (24 hr light & 16 week S0 photoperiod)
Superior Fresh, Northfield, WI • 1st aquaponic Atlantic salmon & leafy green in world
– ~1,000 MT/yr leafy green production
Aquaponics Innovation Center Montello, WI
UWSP-Aquaponics Innovation Center
Nelson and Pade, Inc.® Demonstration Greenhouse
Overview of Systems
Comparing Tilapia & Walleye
Achievements of These Public-Private Partnerships
– Educate the workforce • The only college Aquaculture Minor in Wisconsin
– Trained >50 college interns that have a 90% job placement rate
• Offer university aquaponics courses – Enrolled >350 students in six years
• Offer only Professional Aquaponic Certificate in nation – Approved by U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs – 110% job placement rate
• Partnered in 3-day Aquaponic Master classes – 1,400+ students from 101+ countries and all 50 states; 15%
purchased, constructed, or launched new aquaponic business
• Free fish health course:
– http://www.ncrac.org/online-fish-health-certificate-program-producers
• USDA Regional Aquaculture Centers
– NRAC, NCRAC, SRAC, WRAC, CTSA
• State extension agents
Recommended