Chptr 3 ppt

MODAL AUXILIARIES AND RELATED STRUCTURES

Chapter three

What do you know about the following words

1. Auxiliary2. Request and Permission3. Ability4. Expectation5. Preference6. Advice7. Need and Obligation8. Lack of Need9. Possibility , Impossibility, and Probability

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

CanCould MayMightMustOught toShallShouldWillWould

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

I should open a saving account. Simple form follows.

He can speak English.

He should not or shouldn’t have a late night.

Should he have a late night?

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Types of questions: e.g.May I help you? Yes, you can.

There won’t be a service charge, will there? No, there won’t.

When should we go there?

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Request Action (you) : (please)

Would: Would you help me please?Could: Could you help me please?

Will: Will you help me please?Can: Can you help me please?

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Requesting and Giving Permission, (I, We):

May I, we sit here? No, you may not.

Could I use your pencil? Yes, you can.

Can I take this chair? Of course you can.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Making Requests: Borrow and Lend

(May, Could, Can) I, We borrow this from you?

(Would, Could, Will, Can) you lend me this pen?

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Ability.

Can, Could, Be able toCan Vs. Can’tPronunciation:

Weak Vs. Stronge.g.

I can open a checking account.I can’t get a job.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Expectations:

Should, Ought toi.e.

Expect to, will probablye.g.

We’ll go to the station at 9:00. The train should/ ought to be in by

then.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Ought to

seldom occurs in questions and negative statements.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Examples:I expect to receive a letter from my

parents soon. I should / ought to receive a letter from

my parents soon.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Preferences: Would like, Would Rather

i.e.Would like: expresses desires for things that haven’t happened yet.

e.g.I’d like to visit Egypt. I wouldn’t like to live there, though.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Preferences: Would like, Would Rather

i.e.Would rather: expresses preferences or choices. Than + verb often follows it.Not comes after rather in negative.

e.g.I’d rather travel than spend a lot of money on clothes.He would rather not take a quiz.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Giving Advice:Should, Ought to (not in Q or N), Had better (stronger &

doesn’t appear in affirmative Q)i.e.

Used to give advicee.g.

You should/ought to attend class regularly.Should you take an early class?

You shouldn’t be absent.You’d better hurry or you’ll be late.

Hadn’t you better hurry?You’d better not stay here.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Need or Obligation:Must (not), Have to, Had to

i.e.In affirmatives, must expresses need or

obligation.e.g.

You must pass grammar 1 to study grammar 2.

i.e. In negatives, it expresses prohibition.

See the footnote p.121.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

e.g.You must not drive without a license.

The opposite is: You may/ canHave to

i.e.Expresses present need, future need or

obligation.e.g.

You have to take many quizzes.You’ll have to take many quizzes.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Had toi.e.

Expresses a past need or obligation.e.g.

I had to take the driving license test twice.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing lack of Need:Not have to

i.e.Expresses that something isn’t, wasn’t, will not be necessary. It is the opposite

of must and have to.e.g.

You don’t have to take the test if you don’t want to.

I didn’t have to study hard to pass.I won’t have to stay late tonight.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Possibility:May, Might, Could, May/Might Not

Mayi.e.

In affirmatives, may, might, and could are similar in meaning. They mean:

Maybe, Perhaps, It’s possible

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Impossibility or Disbelief: Can’t / Couldn’t

i.e.They show surprise or shock

e.g.It can’t be five o’clock.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Expressing Probability:Must / Must not

i.e.Probably

e.g.John walks five miles a day. He must

enjoy it.Or

He must not have enough time/money to ride the bus.

Auxiliaries: (not main verb, OK?)

Unfortunately

The book hasn’t introduced the past tense.

Practice Modal Auxiliaries

Identify the kind of modal auxiliary used in each sentence. Write a, b, or c in

each blank.

a. Expressing abilityb. Expressing expectationsc. Expressing preferences

Practice Modal Auxiliaries

Identify the kind of modal auxiliary used in each sentence. Write a, b, or c in each blank.a. Expressing abilityb. Expressing expectationsc. Expressing preferences

The train ought to be in by 9:00. ...........How long should it take us to get to the

station?.......Most working people can get a credit

card. .........Last year I could speak English. The year before couldn't. ...........

Practice Modal Auxiliaries

Identify the kind of modal auxiliary used in each sentence. Write a, b, or c in each blank.a. Expressing abilityb. Expressing expectationsc. Expressing preferences

I'd like to visit New York City. ........I would rather travel in the United States than spend a lot of money on clothes. .........A permanent resident is able to work. ........

Practice Modal Auxiliaries

Identify the kind of modal auxiliary used in each sentence. Write a, b, or c in each blank.a. Giving adviceb. Expressing need or obligationc. Expressing lack of need

You'd better hurry or you'll be late to class. ............

You must have a driver's license in order to drive. .........

You should not be absent. .........

You don't have to take the English test if you don't want to. .........

I didn't have to study very hard to pass. ............

You will have to pass a driving test. ............

You ought to attend class regularly. .............

I won't have to study late tonight. .............

Practice Modal Auxiliaries

Identify the kind of modal auxiliary used in each sentence. Write a, b, or c in each blank.a. Giving adviceb. Expressing need or obligationc. Expressing lack of need

You must have a license in order to drive. ............

I had to take the written test twice. ...........

Practice Modal Auxiliaries

Choose the correct modal auxiliary from the parentheses.

It's possible that it (could / must)  rain tomorrow.

I don't believe it! It (might not / can't)  be five o'clock already!

John walks five miles a day. He (must / might)  enjoy walking.

Ali walks to school. He (couldn't / must not)  have enough money to ride the bus.

That (couldn't / may not)  be Irene! She's out of town.

I (couldn't / might not)  see you tomorrow.