CHINA GO TEAM VISIT 2014 PBN Explained

CHINA GO TEAM VISIT 2014

PBN Explained

Erwin Lassooij

ICAO PBN Programme Manager

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Need for PBNNeed for PBNNeed for PBNNeed for PBN

Extract from Report of the 44th DGCA Conference …

“During the 44th Conference of Directors General of Civil Aviation, Asia and Pacific Region in October 2007, IATA expressed that implementation of Performance Based Navigation provides significant safety, efficiency and environmental benefits to operators and service providers.”

PBNPBNConventionalConventional

Efficiency and Flexibility - Improve efficiency and flexibility by reducing reliability on the locations of ground-based navigation aids

A

B

C

D

E

F

PBN Routes

Shorter Routes ….More Routes Possible ...

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Benefits to ANSPsBenefits to ANSPs

PBN benefits to ANSPs are recognized and being utilized globally. According to the FAA, PBN provides the following benefits:

Increase predictability of operations

Reduce controller/aircraft communications

Reduce fuel burn with more continuous vertical descents

Reduce miles flown in Terminal Radar Approach Control airspace

Reduce interaction between dependent flows in multiplex airspace

“RNAV and RNP specifications facilitate more efficient design of airspace and procedures which collectively result in improved safety, access, capacity, predictability, operational efficiency, and environmental effects. Specifically, improved access and flexibility for point-to-point operations help enhance reliability and reduce delays by defining more precise terminal area procedures. They also provide fuel and emissions savings.”

Slide 6

Commitment from Stakeholders– ICAO– IATA– CANSO– IFATCA– IFALPA– IBAC– ICCAIA– ACI– FHA– FSF

But we need also work together with military……….

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Although Civil and Military Operations are Different…..

Civil and Military Support Each Other!

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Need for Cooperation - Aviation Growth 1990 to 2010 to 2030

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From old to new

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History

:

Growing demand for solutions to airspace congestionGrowing fuel efficiency requirementsGrowing Environmental requirements Growing demand for RNAV approaches (safety, accessibility)

Most can be met with current technology, but standardization and operational requirements have to be put into place

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Are we now going the right way?

RNP

B-RNAV

P-RNAV

US-RNAV

RNP10

RNP 4

PRESENT RNP/RNAV

Boeing

EuropeUS

Australia

Canada

South America

China

Japan

Airbus

FUTURE

Not safe, not efficient, costly, confusing

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ICAO recognizes the problems

• Need for focal point in ICAO to address problems experienced with RNP Concept (GNSSP/4 recommendation 1/1)

• ICAO approves establishment of Required Navigation Performance Special Operational Requirements Study Group (RNPSORSG) as coordinating group

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Adjustment to the RNP concept required

• Clear distinction between operations that require performance monitoring and alerting and operations that don’t require performance monitoring and alerting

• Harmonization of current RNAV and RNP operations

• Development of new navigation specifications to meet operational demand.

• Need for clear operational approval requirements

• Need for clear implementation guidance

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Agreeing PBN

• PBN specifies RNAV system performance i.e. accuracy, integrity,

continuity, availability + functionality; - written up in navigation

specifications

RNP X specifications RNAV X specifications

Require on-boardperformance monitoring+ alerting

Do not require on-boardperformance monitoring+ alerting

This is different than the RNP concept, which stressed navigation accuracy and ‘stopped’ at required performance. However, PBN is anchored in detailed navigation specifications, which contain performance and functionality requirements.

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Doc 9613 Part / Chapter

Navigation Specification

Flight phase

En-route En-route

Arrival

Approach DEP

oceanic/remote continental Initial Intermediate Final Missed1

B Ch.1 RNAV 10 10

B Ch.2 RNAV 52 5 5

B Ch.3 RNAV 2 2 2 2

B Ch.3 RNAV 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C Ch.1 RNP 4 4

C Ch.2 RNP 2 2 2

C Ch.3 RNP 13 1 1 1 1 1

C Ch.4 Advanced RNP4 25 2 or 1 1 1 1 0.3 1 1

C Ch.5 RNP APCH6 1 1 0.37 1  

C Ch.6 RNP AR APCH 1-0.1 1-0.1 0.3-0.1 1-0.1

C Ch.7 RNP 0.38 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Navigation Specification by Phase of Flight Navigation Specification by Phase of Flight

19/44

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Components of PBN Concept

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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20/44

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Components of PBN Concept

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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Components of PBN Concept- Navaid Infrastructure -

Ground-based Navigation Aids (Navaids)Ground-based Navigation Aids (Navaids) VOR; DME; VOR; DME; ((Not Not NDB)NDB)

Space-based NavaidsSpace-based Navaids GNSSGNSS

• ABAS and SBASABAS and SBAS

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NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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22/44

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Components of PBN Concept

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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Components of PBN Concept- Navigation Specification -

PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE

FunctionalitiesFunctionalities

Navigation SensorsNavigation Sensors

Air crewAir crew requirements requirements

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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PreviousRNPConcept

Document used by State as basis for developing Document used by State as basis for developing Certification & Operational ApprovalCertification & Operational Approval

International Navigation Specifications published International Navigation Specifications published in Volume II of PBN Manualin Volume II of PBN Manual

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Components of PBN Concept- Navigation Specification

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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RNAVRNAV RNPRNP

On-Board performance Monitoring and AlertingOn-Board performance Monitoring and Alerting

On-board performance monitoring and alerting allows the air crew to

detect that the RNP system is not achieving the navigation

performance required of the RNP system

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RNAV Application

RNAV 1RNAV 1

1 Nautical Mile 95% of flight time

1 Nautical Mile 95% of flight time

Track Centerline

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RNP Application RNP 1RNP 1

1 Nautical Mile 95% of flight time

1 Nautical Mile 95% of flight time

Track Centerline

Alert to Pilot

The Key Difference:On-Board Performance Monitoring and Alerting

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ICAONAVIGATION

SPECIFICATIONS

RNAV SPECIFICATIONSRNP SPECIFICATIONS

Navigation SpecificationNavigation Specification

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Components of PBN Concept

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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Components of PBN Concept- Navigation Application -

The APPLICATION (use of) the The APPLICATION (use of) the Navigation Navigation

SpecificationSpecification and and Navaid InfrastructureNavaid Infrastructure - - For example:For example: Routes Routes based on based on RNAVRNAV and and

RNP SpecificationsRNP Specifications (these rely on the (these rely on the Navaid Navaid

InfrastructureInfrastructure););

For example:For example: SIDs/STARs SIDs/STARs based on based on RNAV RNAV

and and RNP SpecificationsRNP Specifications;; For example:For example: Approach procedures Approach procedures based based

on on RNP SpecificationsRNP Specifications

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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Route Spacing – ICAO 4444

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5.4.1.2.1.5 RNAV operations where RNP is specified on parallel tracks or ATS routes.

Within designated airspace or on designated routes, where RNP is specified, lateral separation between RNAV-equipped aircraft may be obtained by requiring aircraft to be established on the center lines of parallel tracks or ATS routes spaced at a distance which ensures that the protected airspace of the tracks or ATS routes does not overlap.

Route Spacing

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Route Spacing

Com munication Surveillance

ATC Procedures and ToolsNavigation

Specification

Navigation Application

Performance Based Concept

NAVIGATION INTERVENTIONEXPOSURE TO RISK

Route Configuration

Traffic Density

}Operational Error

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Generic model used to determine separation and ATS Route spacing

Lateral Separation

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•PANS OPS Doc 8168, Vol II, Part III– RNP area semi-width is determined by the formula: 1.5(XTT) + BV– Where: BV = buffer value (see PANS-OPS Vol II)

•The calculation for a RNAV 2 enroute is shown below:XTT = 2.00 NM; BV= 2.00 NMarea semi-width = 1.5(2.00) + 2.00 = 5.00 NM

= 10 NM between route centerlines

Airway vs Air RouteAirway vs Air Route

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10km 10km 10km 10km 10km10km

Offset area

• Air Route – Air Route – – integration within existing air integration within existing air

route structureroute structure

• RNAV 2 - 9.3km offsetRNAV 2 - 9.3km offset– Doc8168- (1.5 x XTT2.0nm +buffer Doc8168- (1.5 x XTT2.0nm +buffer

2.0nm)2.0nm)

PBN Route Integration

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9.3km9.3km

10km 10km 10km10km

Offset area

PBN Route Integration

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• Air Route – Air Route – – integration within existing air

route structure

• RNAV 2 – RNAV 2 – 18.6km 18.6km between2routesbetween2routes– ((doc8168- (1.5 x XTT2.0

+buffer 2.00) x 2 = 10nm)

18.6 km

10km 10km 10km10km

Offset area

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Components of PBN Concept

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

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NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

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NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

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Context of PBN in Airspace implementation

NAVIGATION NAVIGATION APPLICATIONAPPLICATION

NAVAIDNAVAIDINFRASTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURE

NAVIGATION NAVIGATION SPECIFICATIONSPECIFICATION

COM NAV SUR ATM

PBNPBN

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PBN Implementation ProcessesPBN Implementation Processes

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Airspace Concept Activity OverviewAirspace Concept Activity OverviewAirspace Concept Activity OverviewAirspace Concept Activity Overview

– SafetySafety– CapacityCapacity– EfficiencyEfficiency– EnvironmentEnvironment– AccessibilityAccessibility

1 - Agree on Operational Requirements1 - Agree on Operational Requirements

Objectives Objectives Implementation Example Implementation Example

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Reduce Reduce Controlled Controlled Flight Into Flight Into Terrain via Terrain via lateral & lateral &

vertical course vertical course guidance to guidance to

runwayrunway

SafetySafety CapacityCapacity

Increase Increase number of air number of air

traffic routes to traffic routes to reduce reduce

congestion; congestion; accommodate accommodate

projected projected growth growth

EfficiencyEfficiency

Reduce delays Reduce delays that result that result

from excessive from excessive “levelling off” “levelling off” flight profilesflight profiles

by by implementing implementing

CCO/CDOCCO/CDO

EnvironmentEnvironment

Reduce noise Reduce noise over sensitive over sensitive

areaarea

AccessAccess

Improve Improve airport and airport and

airspace access airspace access in all weather in all weather

conditionsconditions

RNP approach RNP approach (LNAV/VNAV) (LNAV/VNAV)

to replace to replace circling circling

approachapproach

Parallel Parallel RNAV-2 ATS RNAV-2 ATS

routes routes between citiesbetween cities

RNAV-1 SID RNAV-1 SID that allows that allows continuous continuous

climb to climb to enrouteenroute

Use of RF in Use of RF in intermediate intermediate

or missed or missed approach approach segmentsegment

RNP approach RNP approach allowing allowing

lower minimalower minima

Who develops an Airspace Concept? • A team effort by representatives of various organizations and technical

specialties• Composition of the team depends on the scale and nature of the project

– A simple airspace concept (e.g. a SID, STAR and IAP) would have experts from• ANSP (including PANS OPS procedure designer)• Military• civil aviation regulator• airport operator • operators’ representative

– A more extensive Airspace Concept ( e.g. new runway, plan for terminal and enroute airspace) could also include

• safety management system experts • simulation studies experts• environmental personnel

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• Lead by ATM/airspace Lead by ATM/airspace specialistspecialist

• ATC (Approach and ATC (Approach and Area controllers)Area controllers)

• ATM & CNS specialistATM & CNS specialist• Procedure designersProcedure designers• Technical pilotsTechnical pilots• …………

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Create Airspace Design TeamCreate Airspace Design Team

Depending on airspace structure, military are consulted first

• Arrivals Arrivals • DeparturesDepartures• TransitTransit• VFRVFR• MilitaryMilitary

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AVOID trying to fit the routes AVOID trying to fit the routes into the existing airspace volumesinto the existing airspace volumes

CONCEPT VALIDATIONCONCEPT VALIDATION

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• Have the Safety and Performance Criteria been satisfied;• Have the required changes been made to the ATM system;• Have the required changes been made to the ground

navigation systems;• Have the both Civil and military pilots and controllers received

appropriate training. • Do the assumptions and conditions upon which the Airspace

Concept has been developed still pertain. If not, re-consult, including with military

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PBN Documentation Framework• PANS Ops Volume II (Doc 8168)• PBN Manual (Doc 9613) 4th Edition• RNP AR Procedure Design Manual

(Doc 9905)• PBN Ops Approval Manual (Doc

9997)*• Manual on PBN Use in Airspace

Design (Doc 9992)*• CDO Manual (Doc 9931)• CCO Manual (Doc 9993)*• GNSS Manual (Doc 9849)• Procedure QA Manual (Vol 1 to Vol 6) (Doc 9906) * New

4 th Edition

PBN Productsto assist with implementation

• PBN related Publications and Annexes– Bundled specifically for Stakeholders– Hard and soft copies

• eLibrary Solutions

• PBN ikit

• CBT Training (iLearn)

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Available through ICAO e-store: www.store1.icao.int

PBN Products and Services• PBN Start

• PBN Training

• PBN Publication and Bundles

• PBN Workshops

• PBN Implementation Assistance

• PBN Financial Aid

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Provided through ICAO HQ, Regional Offices, FPPs, ICAO Authorized

Training Centers, On-line ICAO Store

Conclusions• Economy and Air traffic is growing in fast

speed• With conventional nav systems much extra

airspace is needed from military; PBN can reduce this requirement

• PBN allows flexible implementation, can give benefits to both

• Successful implementation requires all stake holders involvement, including military

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Thank YouThank You

So where are we today?

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Global PBN Instrument Approach Growth

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Global PBN SID & STAR Growth

April 21, 2023 56

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PBN Versus Conventional Routes

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…But still not implemented worldwide!

ICAO PBN Focus

Training - Formal courses and

computer-based learning packagesICAOICAO

FocusFocus

BB

EE

CC

DD

AAPBN symposia,

workshops, guidance material

Support to Regional Offices, Sub-Offices, FPP Offices

Support for the ASBU provisions enabled by PBN

Continuing PBN standards development

and amendment

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• Endorsement of Instrument procedure design organizations

• Consistent with other endorsements (training)

• To assist States with PBN Implementation

• Organizations listed on ICAO PBN Web-site:

– Airways New Zealand– ASAP s.r.o. (Slovakia)– CAAC Central-Southern Airport Design &

Research Institute (China)– GE Aviation (USA)– Hughes Aerospace (USA)– Ingegneria Dei Sistemi S.p.A (Italy)– China Aviation System technology (CAST), China

PBN Endorsement – IFP Organizations

Name of Organization

Purpose

• Increase the implementation of PBN through:

– Improved capability in the use of the PBN concept in planning / designing airspace

– Improved understanding of Stakeholder involvement in PBN implementation planning

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A37-11 PBN Global Targets• States complete a PBN Implementation Plan

to achieve:

– Approach procedures with vertical guidance (APV (Baro-VNAV) including LNAV-only minima for all instrument runway ends by 2016:

• 30% by 2010, 70% by 2014

– Straight-in LNAV only procedures as an exception to the above where there is:

• no local altimeter setting; and • no aircraft equipped for APV with max certified mass

of 5700kg or more

April 21, 2023 64

Only 102 States (or 53%)

have a PBN Implementation

Plan

Global Implementation Status

PBN PlanAustraliaBangladeshCambodiaChinaDemocratic Peoples Republic of KoreaFijiIndiaIndonesiaJapanLao People’s Democratic RepublicMalaysiaMaldivesMongoliaMyanmarNepalNew ZealandPakistanPapua New GuineaPhilippinesRepublic of KoreaSingaporeSri LankaThailandTongaVietnam

NO PBN PlanAfghanistanBhutanBrunei DarussalamCook IslandsKiribatiMarshall IslandsiMicronesia (Federated States of)NauruPalauSamoaSolomon IslandsTimor-Leste Vanuatu

66% of the APAC States have a PBN

Implementation Plan

What has ICAO done to help States with implementation? . . .

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Expected Visit Outcome

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• Understand application of PBN airspace design concepts

• Apply Airspace designs from the workshop as basis for implementation

• Increased civil/military

cooperation

Flight Procedures Programme (FPP)

• Beijing, China– Now in Regional

Sub-Office

• Dakar, Senegal– FPP Office

established June 2014

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ICAO/IATA PBN GO Teams• Expert Teams Visits to address specific implementation issues

– Phase I (PBN Requirements Assessment) completed – Phase II (Airspace Design and Operations Approvals) will be completed in early

July (Last visit to China)

• Future GO Team Visits will be specific to Region and State requirements for PBN Implementation– On request basis

• Focus/Services provided will be:– PBN Assessments / Gap Analysis– PBN Plan Development– Training– Implementation Assistance

Completed Global Visits Phase (I and II)

Thailand (2) UAE (2)Mexico KenyaGermany IndiaEcuador RussiaSouth Africa USA (CAR/SAM)