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CHICKEN FEATHERS BASED
BIOCOMPOSITES:
A NEW SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT?
G. Molins - M.D. Álvarez - N. Garrido - J. Macanás - F. Carrillo
4th novembrer 2013
POLQUITEX Research Grup
SUMMLAB Research Grup
www.upc.edu
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 2/18
Why Chicken Feathers (CFs)?
Human beings do not eat chicken feathers
(…at least purposely…)
70-80 % meat
20-25% Other wastes
(blood, head, feet, viscerae, bones)
5-9 % feathers and down
ABPs = animal by-products not intented for human consumption
ABPs
Regulation (EC) Nº 1069/2009 Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011
www.upc.edu
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 3/18
Why Chicken Feathers (CFs)?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% W
orl
d P
rod
uct
ion
CFs
pro
du
ctio
n (
10
00
to
ns)
Ranking
64%
10%
www.upc.edu
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 4/18
What are CFs used for?
REMEMBER: >7x106
ton/year
Currently used for:
Energy
recovery
by
incineration
Composting
or
Fertilizers
Feather
meal for pet
animals
Technical
Material?
Composite materials?
www.upc.edu
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 5
Composite materials
Polymer composites
–Two or more identifiable materials
–Disadvantages
5/18 *Ren X. 2002, Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 27-28.
Over 99 percent of every day plastics are derived from oil-based nonrenewable resources
20 to 30 % of plastics find their way into landfills
www.upc.edu
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 6
Polymer composite materials
6/18
Environmental concerns new regulations
Alternative: waste-to-product approach
BIOPOLYMERS
NATURAL FIBERS &
Chicken Feathers Polylactic acid
(PLA)
Better for the environment
www.upc.edu CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 7/18
• ILCD Handbook
• SimaPro
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
Goal & Scope
• Goal:
– Analyse the EIs of CFs/PLA
composite material containing
different amounts of CFs (0-35%)
• Functional Unit:
– Composite plate (184 x 184 x 2,2 mm3)
• Scope:
– CF’s pre-treatment
– Plate preparation
• Out of the scope:
– Poultry raising
– Transportation
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 8/18
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
Life Cycle Inventory
Crushing process
Plate manufacturing
Cleaning process
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 9/18
www.upc.edu
COD: 12.87 mg O2/g BOD5: 0.72 mg O2/g SS: 0.06 mg/g Oils: 0.12 mg/g Kjeldalh-N: 1.04 mg/g
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
LCI- Cleaning process
Dirty feathers 1 g
Dry clean feathers 0.48 g
Autoclave process
135ºC 20 min
First drying
60ºC 24h
Energy 0.53 kJ
Water 40 ml
Wet Clean feathers
Energy 0.55 kJ
Wastewater 40 ml
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 10/18
(Theoretical)
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
LCI- Crushing process
Dry clean feathers 1 g
Clean Crushed feathers 0.85 g
Crushing
Second drying
105ºC 2h
Energy 13.7 kJ
Energy 0.5 kJ
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 11/18
(Theoretical)
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
LCI- Plate manufacturing
Clean crushed feathers
Composite plate 184 x 184 x 2.2 mm3
Blending
Press
Energy
PLA
Energy Water
180ºC
50 rpm
5 minutes
100 kN
180ºC
5 minutes
INPUTS
% CFs Clean crushed feathers (g)
PLA (g)
Electricity (kJ)
0 % 0 102 745.2
10% 7.87 92.2 745.2
20% 15.7 81.9 745.2
35% 27.5 66.6 745.2
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 12/18
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
Impact assessment / Interpretation
• Avoided burdens influence
– 20% CFs composite
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 13/18
• EIs decrease considering
avoided burdens
• 20% CFs composite
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
Impact assessment / Interpretation
• EIs of CFs/PLA composites
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 14/18
Avoided burdens considered
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
Impact assessment / Interpretation
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 15/18
Ab
ioti
c d
ep
leti
on
(A
bD
e)
Aci
dif
icat
ion
(A
cid
)
Eutr
op
hic
atio
n (
Eu)
Glo
bal
war
min
g p
ote
nti
al (
GW
P1
00
)
Ozo
ne
laye
r d
ele
tio
n
(OD
P)
Ph
oto
che
mic
al o
xid
atio
n
(Ph
O)
Lan
d o
ccu
pat
ion
(LO
c)
No
n-r
ene
wab
le e
ne
rgy
con
sum
pti
on
(N
REC
)
• EIs decrease in almost all categories, especially in
land occupation
• Increase in acidification and photochemical
oxidation
• GWP(100) decreases thanks to avoided burdens
consideration
• Energy consumption from the pretreatment is the
main responsible of many EIs
www.upc.edu
CFs/PLA Environmental assessment
Conclusions
• Interesting raw material to be used in composite
materials
• Environmental benefits in most of selected
categories
• CFs pre-treatments are crucial
• Energy consumption is a key issue
Chicken Feathers
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 16/18
www.upc.edu Acknowledgements
Research Groups
• POLQUITEX - Polymeric Materials and Textile Chemistry
• SUMMLAB - Sustainability Measurement and Modeling Lab
Institutions
• Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
• Terrassa School of Engineering (EET)
• Institute of Textile Research and Industrial Cooperation of
Terrassa (INTEXTER)
Funding
Project Ref. MAT 2010-17057
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 17/18
Presenting author: gemma.molins@upc.edu Project Leader: fernando.carrillo@upc.edu
Thank you for your attention!
Any questions?
POLQUITEX Research Grup
SUMLAB Research Grup
G. Molins et al. (ID 276) 18/18
mailto:Jorge.macanas@upc.edumailto:fernando.carrillo@upc.eduRecommended