View
215
Download
0
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards ( SC.912.P.8.12): 1. Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible. NOTE: While this unit is relatively light on actual standards, most of the material covered on the EOC requires a comprehensive understanding of chemical basics. This lesson is designed for those who didn’t get it the first time!
Citation preview
Chemistry ISubatomic particles
Electron configurationsCarbon molecules
Jill HansenTammy Stundon
Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551 877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Pre-test Q and A Board
Welcome!
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
( SC.912.P.8.12): •1. Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible.
•NOTE: While this unit is relatively light on actual standards, most of the material covered on the EOC requires a comprehensive understanding of chemical basics.
•This lesson is designed for those who didn’t get it the first time!
THE TOP 10 ELEMENTS FOUND IN YOUR BODY
THE “BIG 4”
OTHER (4%)
96% of your body is composed of these 4 elements:
Nitrogen (3%)
Oxygen (65%)
Carbon (18.5%)
Hydrogen (9.5%)
Calcium
ChlorinePotassiumPhosphorus
SulfurSodium
• Trace amounts (less than 0.1%) of 15 other elements are also found in the body
Perc
enta
ge (%
) of b
ody’
s com
posi
tionWhy learn
chemistry?
Chemical basics are at the root of every biological function•Neural impulse (Na/K pump)•Muscular contraction (Ca ion uptake)
Atomic Structure
• The universe is made up of matter• Matter is made up of atoms
– Anything that takes up space and has weight
• The smallest piece of gold possible is called an atom. If you divided it into smaller pieces, it would no longer be gold.
Imagine dividing a gold ring in half, forever
An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter.An element is one type of atom.
Atom = uncuttable
Carbon
Copper
Gold
Each of the elements is however made up of 3 fundamental particles
AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN CHEMICALLY INTO ANY OTHER SUBSTANCE
– The nucleus has protonsprotons and neutronsneutrons.– ElectronsElectrons are in energy levels outside nucleus.
Oxygen atom (O)
Nucleus:8 protons (+)8 neutrons
outermost energy level: 6 electrons (-)
inner energy level: 2 electrons (-)
All atoms have 3 fundamental particles
Atomic Structure
THE ATOM: BASIC STRUCTURE
Nucleus
Hydrogen atom1 Proton0 Neutrons1 Electron
Carbon atom6 Protons6 Neutrons6 Electrons
Proton Neutron
Nucleus:
Electron
Forces of attraction between positive and negative charges hold the fast-moving electrons (negative) close to the nucleus (positive).
So how do you know if you have an atom of copper, gold or silver?
Atomic Structure
A KEY TO THE ELEMENTS
ATOMIC MASSCombined mass of the atom’s protons and neutrons
ELEMENT NAME
ELEMENT SYMBOLAbbreviation of the element
ATOMIC NUMBERThe number of protons found in the atom’s nucleus
How many protons an atom has
determines who it is Cu = 39Ag = 47Au = 79
Atomic number is the number of
protons
Cookium diagnostic
Atomic Structure
So how do you know how many electrons and neutrons there are?
A neutral atom will have equal numbers of protons and electrons
PP++ = E = E--
The number of neutrons can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic massP+N (atomic mass) – P+N (atomic mass) –
P (atomic #) = NP (atomic #) = N
Element Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Ca 40 20 20 20 20F 19 9 9 10 9
B 11 5 5 6 5
Atomic Basics Worksheet
Atomic Structure
Where are the electrons found?
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to make a full or
completely empty outer layer
Atoms are most stable if they have a filled (or empty) outer layer of
electrons
Except for H and He, a filled layer contains 8 electrons – an octetan octet
ELECTRON SHELLS AND ATOM STABILITYELECTRON SHELLSElectrons move around the nucleus in designated areas called electron shells. An atom can have as many as seven electron shells in total.
First electron shell(capacity: 2 electrons)
Second electron shell(capacity: 8 electrons)
VacancyThe chemical characteristics of an atom depend upon the number of electrons in its outermost shell.
An atom’s electrons determine whether an atom will bond with another atom as well as who it will bond with
Chemical Changes When atoms exchange or share electrons, a new product (a compound or molecule) is produced. This is called a chemical change.
Change Chemical PhysicalMelting cheese √Milk souring √
Ripping paper √Bike rusting √
In a chemical change: • reacting substances form new
substances with different compositions and properties.
• a chemical reaction takes place.
Chemical Change Lab
After the Lab: Balloon Buddy
Your challenge: get the balloon to kiss you
Simulation
IonsIons (charged atoms) follow the rule that opposites attract
Static electricity is a reflection of the difference in
charges between objects
ELECTRON SHELLS AND ATOM STABILITYATOM STABILITYAtoms become stable when their outermost shell is filled to capacity. Stable atoms tend not to react or combine with other atoms.
Only when atoms have electron vacancies in their outermost shell are they likely to interact with other atoms.
Nitrogen atom
Stable atomsUnstable atoms
Helium atom
Neon atom
Hydrogen atom
• An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.– positive ions (cation)– negative ions (anion)
• Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (CI) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (CI-)
Na loses anelectron to CI ionic bond
gained electron
Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons
IONS ARE CHARGED ATOMS
An atom that loses one or more electrons becomes positively charged, while an atom that acquires electrons becomes negatively charged. This transfer of electrons is driven by the fact that atoms with full outer electron shells are more stable.
Donated electron
Na Cl
Chloride ionSodium ion11 Protons10 Electrons
17 Protons18 Electrons
NETCHARGE NegativePositive
OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT
Ionic BondsFormed between ions
COVALENT BONDS
1 Hydrogen atoms are most stable when their outer electron shell is filled to capacity. They can achieve this by sharing electrons in a covalent bond.
2 The nuclei come closer together and the two electrons begin to circle around both of them. The new H2 molecule is very stable.
Hydrogenatom
Hydrogenatom
H2 moleculeCovalent bonds form electrically neutral molecules. Covalent bond are very strong bonds, common in most organic molecules
– carbon dioxide (CO2)
A molecule is made of atoms sharing electrons
– water (H2O)
Covalent Bonds
Molecule A chemical structure held together by covalent bonds
The chemical structure shows the number of each element forming the molecule (CH4)
Covalent Bonds
SUMMARY: THREE TYPES OF BONDS1 COVALENT BONDA strong bond formed when
atoms share electrons in order to become more stable,
forming a molecule.2 IONIC BOND
An attraction between two oppositely charged ions,
forming a compound.3 HYDROGEN BOND
An attraction between the slightly positively charged
hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged atom of another.
H2 molecule
Bon
d St
reng
th
Strongest
Weakest
NaCl compound
H2O H2O Chemical Bonds Rap
Chemical Bond
The Human Element Activity
• At your groups, decide who is your ‘model’ and dress them
up in a trash bag. • You will be assigned an
element, decide how many valence electrons it has and inflate and attach the correct
number of balloons• Determine your ion, and
create a tag to wear• Now BOND!
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends
In ascending atomic number (mass usually
follows trend)
Valence electrons can be determined by what group the atom is in
Periods (horizontal)Groups (vertical)
The total number of energy levels can be
determined by the periodTrend doesn’t work well for the transition elements
by John Bergmann and Jeff Christophersonby John Bergmann and Jeff Christopherson
• NASA’s instructions:– Organize the aliens in a rectangular block.– Each groupgroup (vertical column) must be the
same in some way and must have some feature that changes regularly as you move down the group.
– Each periodperiod (horizontal row) must also share one thing in common and also must have one feature that changes regularly as you go across the periodic table.
Alien Periodic Table
Answer KeyAnswer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 6 7 8
2
3
4
5
1
Why is this one wrong?
Chemical Reactions
The job of a chemical reaction is to depict the kind of reactants and
products and the relative amounts in a reaction.
Symbols represent elements, formulas describe compounds, and
chemical equations describe a chemical reaction
C + O2 = CO2
Reactants are what you use, products are what you get
The subscripts tell you how
many atoms of a particular
element are in a compound. The coefficient tells you about the
number of molecules of the
compound.
Chemical Symbols
Balancing Reactions
Think of a recipe without any measurements Reaction Rate Demo
When balancing a chemical reaction you may add coefficients in front of the compounds to balance the reaction, but you may notnot change the subscripts.Changing the subscripts changes the compound. Subscripts are determined by the valence electrons (charges for ionic or sharing for covalent)
Due to the Law of Conservation of Mass:
matter cannot be created nor destroyed.
An equation must be balanced (it must have the same number and kinds of atoms both before and after a
reaction.
Elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isotopes
Isotopes
Going back to those neutrons…
+
+
+
+
++
Nucleus
Electrons
Nucleus
Neutron
Proton
Carbon-12Neutrons 6Protons 6Electrons 6
Nucleus
Electrons
Carbon-14Neutrons 8Protons 6Electrons 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
Nucleus
Neutron
Proton
Isotopes
As istopes decay, the release nuclear particles at a rate called a half life
Isotopes
Knowing an atoms half life allows us to determine the age of
organic items based on their relative amounts
of isotopes
Decay of Candium
Follow up • Q & A • Post Test• Give-a-ways• Extenstions
– Symphony of Science– Powers of Ten– Khan Academy
Recommended