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Coverage expected for further suggestions Fossil fuels oil, Natural gas, coal Nuclear energy some fundamentals of fusion and fission Electrochemical energy systems – batteries (all class of batteries), Super capacitors, Fuel cells. Hydrogen energy – Production and storage Some aspects of solar energy –Solar cells.
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CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
SYSTEMS
NATIONAL CENTRE FOR CATALYSIS RESEARCH
4TH SPECIAL COURSE OF THE CENTRE FOR THIS YEAR
WHY THIS COURSE AND WHY THIS TIME
• One need not emphasize the knowledge in energy in today’s context• Various options are considered, debated and even scared but clarity
among the generations is lacking• Even though it is already late it is necessary that we prepare ourselves
before the radical change impounds on us• This course is concentrated on some specific forms of energy which
according to us are the ones which will or may take over and it is stated that other forms also have equal chances of succeeding and hence omission of them in this course does not undermine their importance
• Why then is this selection – as usual it is the privilege of the person holding the course and his knowledge domain and comfort level to state it mildly
Coverage expected for further suggestions
• Fossil fuels oil, Natural gas, coal• Nuclear energy some fundamentals of fusion
and fission• Electrochemical energy systems – batteries (all
class of batteries), Super capacitors, Fuel cells.• Hydrogen energy – Production and storage• Some aspects of solar energy –Solar cells.
KNOWLEDGE DOMAIN
• Physical and chemical sciences• Materials science and technology• Some aspects of engineering and design• Some awareness of social requirements
Why do we need to address this ?
• 1. The need to restrict increase in energy consumption.
• 2. the need to evolve alternate energy sources as a substitute to conventional(?) energy sources
• 3.the evaluation of haw far these new energy sources can serve as replacement for conventional energy sources.
Primary energy consumption by Fuel (1973)(in terms of million tonnes of oil equivalent)
* former soviet union as a wholeworld USA UK USSR* Japan China India
Oil 2940 763 75 849 208 104 48
Natural gas
1556 432 50 520 36 13 7
Coal 2387 453 67 379 69 553 108
Hydro 524 77 12 56 19 30 9.6
Nuclear 404 124 12 41 46 - 0.4
World energy consumption
Year Quantity (Q/Year) 1Q= 1018BTU=2.52x1017kcal
1970 0.24
1985 1.02
2000 2.1
2050 6.0
Remaining reserves of fossil fuel (as estimated)
Fuel Proven energy reserves in ZJ (end of 2009) (103)7
Coal 19.8
Oil 8.1
Gas 8.1
ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA
• India ranks fifth in the world in terms ofenergy consumption
• Commercial energy consumption in India3.5% of the world consumption in 2002
• Average annual growth rate of energyconsumption about 6% during 1981-2002
Summary of Reserve Data as 2008Country Reserves 109bbl Production 106bbl/d Reserve life
Saudi Arabia 267(21.5%) 10.2 72
Canada 179(14.5%) 3.3 149
Iran 138(11.1) 4.0 95
Iraq 115(9.3%) 2.1 150
Kuwait 104(8.4%) 2.6 110
Venezuela 99(8%) 2.7 88
UAE 98(7.9%) 2.9 93
Russia 60 9.9 17
Libya 41 1.7 66
Nigeria 36 2.4 41
Kazakhstan 30 1.4 59
US 21 7.5 8
China 16 3.9 11
Quatar 15 0.9 46
Algeria 12 2.2 15
Brazil/ Mexico 12/12 2.3/3.5 14/9
Total (top 17) 1243 63.5 54
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere(* estimated $ projected values)
Year Amount (ppm)1860 290*1970 320*1985 345*1987 348*1988 351*2000 400*2020 540$
2050 700$
Expected Relative contribution to global warming in the period 1980-2050
Gas Relative contribution (%)
Carbon dioxide 47
Methane 14
Nitrous oxide 10
CFC-11 10
CFC-12 19
Halogens small
Acid Rain
320 environmental pollutants – among them 60 cause cancer Methylene chloride, benzene, formaldehyde, butadiene and carbon tetrachlorideCO can killsome forms of airborne hydrocarbons are carcinogenicreact and produce NO and O2
in presence sunlight produce ozone and smog
Ozone in upper atmosphere protects but in lower atmosphere health hazard (1% decrease 2% increase in UV)
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere(* estimated $ projected values)
Year Amount (ppm)1860 290*1970 320*1985 345*1987 348*1988 351*2000 400*2020 540$
2050 700$
Expected Relative contribution to global warming in the period 1980-2050
Gas Relative contribution (%)
Carbon dioxide 47
Methane 14
Nitrous oxide 10
CFC-11 10
CFC-12 19
Halogens small
Alternative Approach• Abundant availability• Renewable in nature• Environmentally clean• High energy content• Low cost• Easily storable• Economically transportable• Conveniently usable• Socially compatible
Electrochemical Power Sources
• Portable power – galvanic cell is the answer
• Primary and secondary• Lead acid batteries for submarines• Fuel cells life support systems• Dry cell or Leclanche cell for portable
lights, transistorized radio etc• Silver zinc, reserve Mg for Military
applications
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