Chem Fall Final Review1 Chemistry Fall Semester Review

Chem Fall Final Review 1

Chemistry Fall Chemistry Fall Semester ReviewSemester Review

Test FormatTest Format• 95 multiple choice95 multiple choice• Each question holds Each question holds the equal weightthe equal weight

• Scantron (pencil)Scantron (pencil)• ~104 minutes~104 minutes

Final ScheduleFinal Schedule

• 1/13: Per. 61/13: Per. 6

• 1/14: Per. 1 and 71/14: Per. 1 and 7

• 1/15: Per. 2 and 31/15: Per. 2 and 3

• 1/16: Per. 4 and 51/16: Per. 4 and 5

RecommendationsRecommendations

• Study old review sheetsStudy old review sheets

• Study your ionsStudy your ions

• Know your shapes!Know your shapes!

• Time you math problemsTime you math problems

Review of the UnitsReview of the Units::

Unit 1: Scientific Method Unit 1: Scientific Method and the Metric Systemand the Metric System

Unit 2: Matter, density, Unit 2: Matter, density, chemical and chemical and

physical properties, physical properties, atomic theory and the atomic theory and the

molemole

Unit 3: Structure of the Unit 3: Structure of the atom, quantum atom, quantum

theory, atomic models theory, atomic models and electron and electron

configurationsconfigurations

Unit 3: Also, periodic Unit 3: Also, periodic law and propertieslaw and properties

Unit 4: Types of Unit 4: Types of chemical bonds, chemical bonds,

molecular geometry molecular geometry and resonanceand resonance

Unit 5: Naming! Molar Unit 5: Naming! Molar mass, oxidation mass, oxidation numbers, and numbers, and

polyatomic ions…polyatomic ions…

Unit 5: Also, percent Unit 5: Also, percent composition, composition,

empirical formula and empirical formula and molecular formulamolecular formula

Unit 6: Reactions. Unit 6: Reactions.

Clues of rxns. Clues of rxns. Balancing equations. Balancing equations.

Types of reactions.Types of reactions.

Unit 6: Also, predicting Unit 6: Also, predicting productsproducts

Unit 7: Stoichiometry,Unit 7: Stoichiometry,

Percent yield, and Percent yield, and limiting reactantslimiting reactants

Unit 1Unit 1

Unit 1Unit 1Know the scientific Know the scientific

methodmethod

Unit 1Unit 1Problem, hypothesis, Problem, hypothesis,

experiment, experiment, observations, law, observations, law, theorytheory

Unit 1Unit 1Scientists solve Scientists solve

problems by using the problems by using the scientific methodscientific method

Unit 1Unit 1Hypotheses are tested Hypotheses are tested

with experiments. Can with experiments. Can become theories.become theories.

Unit 1Unit 1Theories explain Theories explain

observations made over observations made over long periods of time.long periods of time.

Unit 1Unit 1Laws are used to Laws are used to

summarize observed summarize observed behaviorbehavior

Law of conservation of Law of conservation of massmass

Unit 1Unit 1Observations can be Observations can be

quantitative (data) or quantitative (data) or qualitative (descriptions)qualitative (descriptions)

Unit 1Unit 1All measurements are All measurements are

made with accuracy and made with accuracy and maximum precisionmaximum precision

Significant figuresSignificant figures

Unit 1Unit 1Significant figures: all Significant figures: all

certain plus one certain plus one uncertain digituncertain digit

Unit 1Unit 1The metric system is The metric system is

based on prefixesbased on prefixes

Unit 1Unit 1 kilo- Lkilo- L hecto-hecto- deka-deka- Base (m, L, g)Base (m, L, g) deci-deci- centi-centi- milli- Rmilli- R

Unit 1Unit 1Convert 54.6 mg Convert 54.6 mg g g

Answer: divide 54.6 by Answer: divide 54.6 by 1000 = 0.0546 g1000 = 0.0546 g

Unit 1Unit 1Temperature measure Temperature measure

average kinetic energy of average kinetic energy of a substancea substance

Fahrenheit, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Celsius, KelvinKelvin

Unit 1Unit 1Kelvin is the “absolute” Kelvin is the “absolute”

temperature scaletemperature scale

Unit 1Unit 1K K ooC: K – 273C: K – 273ooC C K: K: ooC + 273C + 273ooC C ooF: (F: (ooC x 1.80) + 32C x 1.80) + 32ooF F ooC: (C: (ooF – 32) / 1.80F – 32) / 1.80

Unit 1Unit 1Convert 140 K Convert 140 K ooCC

Answer: - 133 KAnswer: - 133 K

Unit 2Unit 2

Unit 2Unit 2Sig fig in calculationsSig fig in calculationsLesser number in mult / Lesser number in mult /

divdivLine up numbers in add / Line up numbers in add /

subtractionsubtraction

Unit 2Unit 2Find the area of volume Find the area of volume

of a box: L=10.0 cm, of a box: L=10.0 cm, w=2.5 cm, h=5.60 cmw=2.5 cm, h=5.60 cm

Answer: 140 cmAnswer: 140 cm33

Unit 2Unit 2Physical properties: Physical properties:

substance stays the substance stays the samesame

Chemical: reactivity!Chemical: reactivity!

Unit 2Unit 2Atoms, compounds and Atoms, compounds and

mixturesmixturesAtoms cannot be Atoms cannot be

separatedseparated

Unit 2Unit 2Compounds can be Compounds can be

separated by chemical separated by chemical means; mixtures by means; mixtures by physical meansphysical means

Unit 2Unit 2Hetero- vs. Hetero- vs.

homogeneous mixtureshomogeneous mixturesHeterogeneous can be Heterogeneous can be

separated by filtrationseparated by filtrationWhat about homo-?What about homo-?

Unit 2Unit 2Know about Democritus, Know about Democritus,

Dalton, Thomson, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Rutherford and MendeleevMendeleev

Unit 2Unit 2Dalton’s atomic theory is Dalton’s atomic theory is

not entirely accepted not entirely accepted today. (1today. (1stst atomic theory) atomic theory)

Why not?Why not?

Unit 2Unit 2Thomson: CRT (electron)Thomson: CRT (electron)Rutherford: Au foil Rutherford: Au foil

(nucleus)(nucleus)Mendeleev: first periodic Mendeleev: first periodic

tabletable

Unit 2Unit 2Modern periodic: Modern periodic:

arranged by increasing arranged by increasing atomic numberatomic number

Unit 2Unit 2Atomic # = # of pAtomic # = # of pAtomic mass = # of p + n Atomic mass = # of p + n

in the nucleusin the nucleus# of electrons = atomic # # of electrons = atomic #

(if not an ion)(if not an ion)

Unit 2Unit 2How many electrons in How many electrons in

an atom of N with a an atom of N with a mass # of 15?mass # of 15?

Answer: 7Answer: 7

Unit 2Unit 2 Isotopes: same # p, diff’t Isotopes: same # p, diff’t

# n# n Isomers: same formula, Isomers: same formula,

diff’t shapediff’t shape

Unit 2Unit 2Change g Change g moles molesDivide by the molar massDivide by the molar mass

Change moles Change moles g gMult. by the molar massMult. by the molar mass

Unit 2Unit 2How many moles in 25.0 How many moles in 25.0

grams of Fe?grams of Fe?

Answer: 0.448 molAnswer: 0.448 mol

Unit 2Unit 2How many moles in 25.0 How many moles in 25.0

grams of NaNOgrams of NaNO33??

Answer: 0.294 molAnswer: 0.294 mol

Unit 2Unit 2Which sample has more Which sample has more

atoms? 10 g of Ag or 10 atoms? 10 g of Ag or 10 g of Au?g of Au?

Answer: AgAnswer: Ag

Unit 3Unit 3

Unit 3Unit 3Wave theory of lightWave theory of lightC = C = λλννE = hE = hννHigher frequencies = Higher frequencies =

higher energieshigher energies

Unit 3Unit 3Photons are released Photons are released

when electrons return to when electrons return to their ground statetheir ground state

(red, yellow, blue)(red, yellow, blue)

Unit 3Unit 3Bohr: used quantum Bohr: used quantum

theory to describe theory to describe electron orbitselectron orbits

Schrödinger: used wave Schrödinger: used wave mechanics to describe mechanics to describe electron orbitals electron orbitals

Unit 3Unit 3Orbitals: probability Orbitals: probability

mapsmapsElectron configurations: Electron configurations:

based on quantum based on quantum numbersnumbers

Unit 3Unit 3Orbital shapes: s, p, d, fOrbital shapes: s, p, d, fAufbau, Pauli, HundsAufbau, Pauli, HundsKnow the rules!Know the rules!

Unit 3Unit 3Look for the Look for the incorrectincorrect

configurationconfiguration3 types of configurations3 types of configurations [Noble][Noble]

Unit 3Unit 3Elements “want” to have Elements “want” to have

noble gas configurationsnoble gas configurationsHow many electrons are How many electrons are

needed by N to achieve a needed by N to achieve a noble gas config? noble gas config?

Ans: 3Ans: 3

Unit 3Unit 3Which element has the Which element has the

configuration of configuration of 1s1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p55? ?

Ans: ChlorineAns: Chlorine

Unit 3Unit 3Periodic properties…Periodic properties…ElectronegativityElectronegativity Ionization energyIonization energyAtomic radiiAtomic radii Ionic radiiIonic radii

Unit 3Unit 3Which type of elements Which type of elements

have higher have higher electronegativities? electronegativities?

Ans: non-metalsAns: non-metals

Unit 3Unit 3Know the “families”Know the “families”Grouped by similar Grouped by similar

chemical characteristicschemical characteristicsDue to valence electronsDue to valence electrons

Unit 4Unit 4

Unit 4Unit 4Three types of bondsThree types of bonds Ionic: metals + non-Ionic: metals + non-

metalsmetalsCovalent: 2 non-metalsCovalent: 2 non-metals

Unit 4Unit 4Shapes! Bent, linear, Shapes! Bent, linear,

trigonal pyramidal…trigonal pyramidal…Shape of COShape of CO22

Ans: LinearAns: Linear

Unit 4Unit 4Bond angles: linear, Bond angles: linear,

bent, tetrahedralbent, tetrahedral

Unit 4Unit 4Resonance!!!Resonance!!!

Unit 5Unit 5

Unit 5Unit 5Naming…Naming…Type I: (Grp. 1&2 metals Type I: (Grp. 1&2 metals

+ non-metal)+ non-metal)Type II: Other metals + Type II: Other metals +

non-metal non-metal

Unit 5Unit 5Oxidation states:Oxidation states:

AlAl+3+3, Zn, Zn+2+2, Ag, Ag+1+1

Unit 5Unit 5Naming…Naming…Type III: 2 non-metals Type III: 2 non-metals

(use prefixes—bi-, tri-, (use prefixes—bi-, tri-, tetra-)tetra-)

Unit 5Unit 5Naming…Naming…Polyatomic ionsPolyatomic ions

Unit 5Unit 5Name these: Name these:

COCO22, NaNO, NaNO33, CuN, CuN

Formulas?Formulas?

Iron(II)oxide, sodium oxideIron(II)oxide, sodium oxide

Unit 5Unit 5Empirical formula: Empirical formula:

%%ggmolmolratiosratiosE.F.E.F.Molecular formulaMolecular formula

molar mass / emp. mass = molar mass / emp. mass = ratio (ratio (nn))

Unit 6Unit 6

Unit 6Unit 6Balancing equationsBalancing equationsReactantsReactantsproductsproductsNumber of atoms must Number of atoms must

be the same on each side be the same on each side of the equationof the equation

Unit 6Unit 6Expect to balance Expect to balance

several equationsseveral equations

UnitUnit 6 6

CHCH4 4 (g) + O(g) + O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +

HH22O (g)O (g)

When the above equation is When the above equation is balanced, what is the balanced, what is the coefficient of oxygen?coefficient of oxygen?

Unit 6Unit 6

CHCH4 4 (g) + (g) + 22 O O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +

22 H H22O (g)O (g)

When the above equation is When the above equation is balanced, what is the balanced, what is the coefficient of oxygen?coefficient of oxygen?

Unit 6Unit 6

Types of reactions: Types of reactions: synthesis, decomposition, synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, single replacement, double replacement, double replacement, combustioncombustion

Unit 6Unit 6

In PPT rxns: solids formIn PPT rxns: solids formSpectator ions remain Spectator ions remain dissolveddissolved

Unit 7Unit 7

Unit 7Unit 7StoichiometryStoichiometryBalance eq.Balance eq.grams to grams to molesmolesratiosratiosmoles to moles to gramsgrams

Unit 7Unit 7 CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) + (g) +

2 H2 H22O (g)O (g)

If 2.0 moles of methane react with If 2.0 moles of methane react with excess oxygen, how many moles excess oxygen, how many moles of water will be produced?of water will be produced?

Unit 7Unit 7

CHCH4 4 (g) + 2 O(g) + 2 O2 2 (g) (g) CO CO22 (g) (g) + 2 H+ 2 H22O (g)O (g)

Ans: 4.0 molesAns: 4.0 moles

Unit 7Unit 7Expect to perform Expect to perform several stoichiometric several stoichiometric calculationscalculations

Unit 7Unit 7Limiting reactantsLimiting reactants

Have vs. needHave vs. need

Unit 7Unit 7Percent Yield:Percent Yield:

ActualActual

----------------- x 100% ----------------- x 100%

TheoreticalTheoretical

The EndThe EndDon’t forget to write your Don’t forget to write your version on your scantronversion on your scantron

Good Luck!Good Luck!

Chem Fall Final Review1 Chemistry Fall Semester Review

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