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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of LifeMonachus schauinslandi`Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
– Living things are made of the same materials as everything else in the universe• Atoms are assembled into molecules
• Living things are more organized , more complex
– Living things require energy to carry out life processes
Great Complexity and Organization
• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Biosphere
AtomsAtoms
Some ElementsSome Elements
Simple Inorganic MoleculesSimple Inorganic Molecules
• Water (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Molecular Oxygen (O2)
• Ammonium (NH3)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Categories:
Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds
Combining the Organic Building Block MoleculesCombining the Organic
Building Block Molecules
+o
Glucose Fructose Glucose Fructose
OH H
H2O Sucrose
CH2OHCH2OH
• Polysaccharides• Proteins• Nucleic Acids • Fats
• Polysaccharides• Proteins• Nucleic Acids • Fats
Macromolecules(usually polymers)
Cell OrganellesCell Organelles
mitochondria
smooth ER
nucleus
golgi
rough ER
CellsCells
OsteocyteNerve cell
Blood cell Muscle cell
Levels of Body OrganizationLevels of Body Organization
OrganismsOrganisms
PopulationsPopulations
CommunitiesCommunities
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
The BiosphereThe Biosphere
carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule
organelle celltissue
organ
organismpopulationcommunity
ecosystem
biosphere
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Animal CellEukaryotic Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Plant CellEukaryotic Plant Cell
Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime moldEUKARIA
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
DevelopmentDevelopment
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
DNADNA
Contains information for almost all cell
activities
Mechanisms for Genetic ChangeMechanisms for Genetic Change
• Genetic Recombination
• Mutation
• Chromosomal Aberration
• Genetic Recombination
• Mutation
• Chromosomal Aberration
Genetic Recombination
Downs Klinefelter’s syndrome
XYY
Chromosomal AberrationDiGeorge Syndrome
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.
• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules
Metabolism
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energyC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Autotrophs• Organisms that make their own food (like
plants, some protists, and some bacteria)• Plants capture energy from the sun, use water
and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches
Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis
Heterotrophs• Organisms that take
in food to meet their energy needs
• Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs
HomeostasisRelatively stable internal environment
All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature• pH• Ions• Water• Hormones
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Negative Feedback vs
Positive Feedback
Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback
Blood Sugar LevelsNegative Feedback
Positive Feedback
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
– Living things interact with each other and with the environment
– Ecology – the study of these interactions• Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish• Humans eat fish• What if something happened to the fish?
Interaction with the environment
The Characteristics of Living Things
The Characteristics of Living Things
• Great Complexity & Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction & Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism & Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)
EvolutionEvolution
Change in the genetic composition of a population
through time
Change in the genetic composition of a population
through time
– Inherited change in the characteristics of organisms over time
– Living things are slowly changing– Process of natural selection results
in change over time– Organisms with favorable genes are
more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable genes
Evolution
Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change
Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change
• Production of heritable variations
• Natural Selection
• Chance
–Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
–Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes
Heredity
Heritable variations
Blood type
Dwarfism
Beak Depth
Banding pattern
Eye color
AdaptationsAdaptations
The structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute
to the success of a species.
Natural Selection
Peppered Moths: study in England 1800’s More light than dark moths• Industrial pollution turned trees dark• Population shifted to mostly dark moths
Natural Selection
INQUIRY
1. In the equation for photosynthesis and respiration which is the organic molecule?
2. List 3 mechanisms for genetic change.3. Why did the population of dark moths
proliferate?4. Define homeostasis.5. Why is positive feedback not always
beneficial for the body?6. Which process produces genetic
change: asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction?
7. Compare plant versus animal cell.
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