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Notes from class lecture from The World Today for NMC students in World Regional Geography/
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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF EAST ASIA
– Physical Geography dominated by extremes– One of the world’s earliest culture hearths; China’s long coherent history.– Rapid Economic Growth– Influence of ideas from traditional Chinese Thought– World’s most populace realm: Population Concentration on Coasts and Lowlands
– Environmental Stress– Urban-Rural disparities– Increasing energy demands
– POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FORCES CONTINUE TO TRANSFORM TRADITIONAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPES.
– Flashpoints: Taiwan-China, North & South Korea, disputed islands in the South China Sea
Regions of the Realm
• China Proper — eastern half; the core • Xizang (Tibet) — tall mountains and high
plateaus; sparsely populated• Xinjiang — vast desert basin and mountain
rims; a cultural contact zone• Mongolia — a desert, buffer state• The JaKoTa triangle– Japan, South Korea, Taiwan– Rapid economic development
Physiography
Total area is about 9.3 million sq. km (3.6 million sq. mi.)
Longitudinal extent is comparable to the United States; Latitudinal range from northern Quebec to central Caribbean
Mainland bordered (surrounded) by ocean, high mountains, steppe country, and desert
Vast and varied topography:
High plateaus and mountains in the west
Lower mountains and plains in the east
Vulnerable to earthquakes
Regions of the Realm: China
• China Proper• Xizang (Tibet)• Xinjiang
(Chinese Turkestan)
Warm
Cold
Wet
Dry
Climatic Gradients
POPULATION DENSITY
One-Child Policy• Policy implemented in 1979• Cultural preference for male children• Severe gender imbalance– 118 males born for every 100 females on average; some
provinces >125:100• The One-Child Policy has disrupted natural population growth• Major implications for lack of women to marry—female kidnapping and smuggling• Small younger generation to care for large elderly generation
Elizabeth J. Leppman
Population Pyramid, 2008
Percentage of total population
Age
Data source: U.S. Bureau of the Census
Famine of theGreat Leap Forward
Post-famine rebound
One-child policybegins
Children of post-famine reboundgeneration
One-child families
Women outliving men
In its 2000 census, China found the proportion of boys through age 4 was more than 120 to every 100 girls at those ages.
There are over 30 million more males than females.
In most societies, the normal sex ratio for this age group is only 105 to 100 or less.
What are some of the social, cultural impacts?
Average life expectancy at birth in 2000 and increase in life expectancy 1990 - 2000 by province (in years)
HOMEWORK: Watch the following Hans Rosling Video titled “What Stops Population Growth.”
What are the top 3 points that Rosling’s data visualization expresses? Explain each and then formulate three questions to apply this information to China.
You can find the video at http://vimeo.com/2905893 or on the Gapminder site.
Historical Development of China: Relative Location
• Isolation– Natural protective barriers– Distance– Inward looking (“central kingdom”) with minor
incidences of cultural diffusion– Effects of one ocean• A history of emperors who restricted use of the coastline,
except in local circumstances• Today the ocean is playing a major role in the economic
(and cultural) transformation of coastal China.
中國Zhōngguó=Middle Kingdom
Chinese Perspectives
• One of the world’s great culture hearths• Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years• Chinese view of China as the center of the civilized
world• Inward looking and closed society, especially at certain periods• History of cycles of unity vs. disunity
A. WinklerPrins
Kong Fuzi (Confucius)
• 551– 479 B.C. (Spring and Autumn Period—time of disunity)
• China’s most influential philosopher and teacher• Focused on the suffering of ordinary people• Emphasized that human virtues, rather than godly
connections, should determine a person’s place in society
• Teachings have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 20 centuries
• Teachings took on spiritual aspects after his death — Confucianism
ColonialSpheres
of Influence
Extraterritoriality
• A doctrine of European international law• Employed in China during the late 1800s• Afforded immunity from local jurisdiction• Constituted an erosion of Chinese sovereignty• Distinct enclaves evolved
Qingdao, Shandong Province, was the German treaty port. German architecture is still visible in the cultural landscape.A. WinklerPrins
Revolutions• End of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, founding of
Republic of China (1911)• Communist Revolution:– Founding of Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai,
1921– Civil war and Long March– War against the Japanese (World War II)– Resumed civil war– Communist victory under Mao Zedong (1949)
Elizabeth J. Leppman
Economic Initiatives
• Special Economic Zones (SEZ)– 7 SEZ’s established; 3 in Guangdong Province– Investment incentives: low taxes, import/export
regulations eased, land leases simplified, etc.
• Open cities– First 4 coastal cities, increased to 15 cities– National investment focused on Shanghai
• Open coastal areas– Also designed to attract foreign investments– Concentrated along pacific coast deltas and
peninsulas
Current Political Divisions
China’s Political Map• Central-government-administered municipalities
(shi’s): 4– Beijing (capital); Tianjin (port city); Shanghai
(largest city); Chongqing (interior river port)• Autonomous regions: 5– Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia); Ningxia Hui;
Xinjiang Uygur (Chinese Turkestan); Guangxi Zhuang (South); Xizang (Tibet)
• Provinces: 22– Grow in size from east to west
• Special Administrative Regions: 2
Note Autonomous Regions where ethnic minorities dominate.
China’s Population Distribution
Xizang (Tibet)A harsh physical environmentSparsely populatedCame under Chinese control during the Manchu
dynasty in 1720Gained separate status in the late 19th centuryChinas’ communist regime took control in the 1950’sBuddhism, the Dalai Lama, and monasteriesFormally annexed in 1965 and administered as an autonomous region
Train to Lhasa
Xinjiang
• Comprises one-sixth of China’s total land area
• A dry region of high mountains and basins
• Han Chinese are a minority here, now about 40% of the population, but control all aspects of life– Hanification (Sinicization)
• Muslim Uyghurs account for half of the population
• Boasts extensive reserves of oil and natural gas
A. WinklerPrins
西藏Xīzàng=Western Treasure Chest
新疆Xīnjiāng=New Territory
Booming Pacific Rim
Hong Kong
• Means “fragrant harbor”: an excellent deep water port• Boomed during the Korean war• 7 million people within 1,036 sq. km (400 sq. mi.)• Economy is larger than half of the world’s countries• July 1, 1997: British transferred control to China• Hong Kong renamed Xianggang (same meaning but
in Mandarin pronunciation)• Acquired a new status as special administrative
region (SAR), with Macau following suit in 1999
China Today
• Booming economy– One of the world’s
fastest growing #2– Large, low-wage
labor pool• Rapid urbanization• Radical social change,
especially in coastal areas
• Environmental concerns on all fronts
The Jakota TriangleJapan, Korea, Taiwan
Characteristics– Great cities– Enormous consumption of raw materials, many
imported– State-of-the-art industries– Voluminous exports– Global links– Trade surpluses– Rapid development
Challenges– Social problems– Political uncertainties– Vulnerabilities
GEOPOLITICAL RISKS(ISSUES AND CONCERNS)
Taiwan’sTaiwan’s political status political statusChina’sChina’s rising power rising powerJapan’sJapan’s waning power waning powerThe The KoreaKorea issue issueUSUS role and relations in the realm role and relations in the realm
JaKoTaTriangle
China and Taiwan
Taiwan & China
Taiwan• Also known as Formosa• Very mountainous• Approximate area: 36,260 sq. km (14,000 sq. mi.)• Population: 22.9 million• 78% urbanized• Per capita income: >$16,250• Strong and diverse economy• Free market democracy
TAIWANEastern two-thirds is mostly rugged mountains running north-south
In the west, the Chianan Plains are where the vast majority of the Taiwan's population live.
Taiwan's highest point is Yu Shan at nearly 13,000 feet.
TAIWANTAIWANHistorical background:– A Chinese province for centuries ?????– Colonized by Japan in 1895– Returned to China (Nationalists) after WWII– 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from
the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC)
• The Future of Taiwan– Regarded by China as a “wayward” province– Possible flashpoint– Trade as integrating force
•Transportation •Resources•Cities
Japan
A. WinklerPrins
OUTLINE OF JAPANESE HISTORY
600 - 800 Chinese cultural influence600 - 800 Chinese cultural influence 1000 -1300 War, Medieval society arises, shoguns evolve1000 -1300 War, Medieval society arises, shoguns evolve 1600 -1867 Tokugawa Shogunate:1600 -1867 Tokugawa Shogunate:
isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief systememphasis on Shinto belief system
1853 - Commodore Perry acquires new treaties with the 1853 - Commodore Perry acquires new treaties with the outsideoutside
MEIJI RESTORATIONMEIJI RESTORATION
• 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers• Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a
Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power
• Adopted aspects of the British model• Launched a systematic study of the industrialized world
– Very different approach than China during the same period. • Focus was on industrialization and education system
EXPANSIONIST JAPANEXPANSIONIST JAPAN
TaiwanTaiwan 18951895KoreaKorea 19101910Pacific IslandsPacific Islands post WWIpost WWIManchuriaManchuria 19311931ChinaChina 19371937Hong KongHong Kong 19391939Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia 19411941
JAPAN’S POST WWII TRANSFORMATIONJAPAN’S POST WWII TRANSFORMATION
1945 –1952: Allied Occupation1945 –1952: Allied Occupation– Economic reshapingEconomic reshaping– Labor legislationLabor legislation– ConstitutionConstitution– Civil rightsCivil rights– Land reformLand reform– U.S. “Helping hand” policyU.S. “Helping hand” policy
Japan’sCore Area
Note most agricultureand manufacturing incoastal areas.
Declining Japanese Population
• Population: 128 million*• Birth rate: 9 births/1,000• Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000• Natural Increase: 0 %• Life expectancy: 79 (M), 86 (F)• Urbanization: 79%
* Predicted to decline to 121 million by 2025
Korea: Northand South
Superimposed boundary along cease-fire line in Korean War
KOREAKOREA
The size of “Idaho” but with a population of 72 The size of “Idaho” but with a population of 72 million (million (Idaho, 1.5 millionIdaho, 1.5 million))
Turbulent political historyTurbulent political history::– A A dependencydependency of China of China– A A colonycolony of Japan’s of Japan’s– DividedDivided along the 38 along the 38thth parallel by Allied Powers > WWII parallel by Allied Powers > WWII
(1945) (1945) Korean Demilitarized ZoneKorean Demilitarized Zone
– Cease-fire line established in1953Cease-fire line established in1953
Demilitarized ZoneDemilitarized Zone
View from the North & view from the SouthView from the North & view from the South
North Korea’s Border with China and N. Korean DefectorsNorth Korea’s Border with China and N. Korean Defectors
•There are over 3 million North Koreans in Northern China
• About 300,000 are refugees •Many North Korean refugees are there to attempt to get to South Korea
North Korea’s Border with ChinaNorth Korea’s Border with China
View from the North & view from the SouthView from the North & view from the South
The Koreas
• Population 25,500,000 48,900,000
• Life expectancy 68 (M)/73 (F) 74 (M)/81 (F)
• GNI/capita ~$ 1,000 $ 21,850
• Agriculture restrictive good
• % Urban 60 82
North-South Contrasts• North Korea– Antiquated state enterprises– Inefficient, non-productive agriculture, much hunger,
even famines– Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China– Nuclear power – “axis of evil”– Regional threat
• South Korea– Modern factories– Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture– Extensive trade – U.S., Japan, and Western Europe
Land Use Patterns
Rugged MountainsIndustrial AreaMain Rice ProducingSecondary Rice ProducingFree Trade Zone
Note more rice-producing land in South.
SEOULSEOUL Capital Capital of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s)of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s) 10 million people10 million people Located in the northwest corner of South Korea – Located in the northwest corner of South Korea –
just south of the DMZjust south of the DMZ The The urban-industrial centerurban-industrial center!!
– Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic goodsgoods
VulnerabilitiesVulnerabilities??
NORTH KOREA
North Korean leader Kim Jong Il and his son Kim Jong Un attend the massive military parade in Pyongyang, North Korea on Sunday, Oct. 10, 2010.
Mongolia
• Steppe and desert physical environment• Sparsely populated with an estimated 2.7 million
inhabitants• Part of the Chinese Empire from late 1600s until
1911• Functions as a buffer state• Became a People’s Republic in the 1920s• Free elections in 1990• Economy is focused on herding and animal products
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