View
13
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
171
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
The detail structural exploration in the North Almora Shear Zone (NASZ)
reveals that the zone is characterized by progressive deformation within the
range ductile to brittle regime and suggests a variation in strain localization in the
zone. The strain variation can be seen easily by reduction in grain size from
porphyritic to fine mylonitic granite gneiss toward thrust plane within shear zone.
Various structures are developed in the rocks of the NASZ, where the rock units
of the Rautgara Formation show shearing impacts only upto less distance then
the Saryu Formation and show absence of recrystallization of grains.
The complications arise due to the presence of the major Transverse
Faults in the NW (Dwarahat-Gairsen sector) and Central part (Seri-Seraghat
sector) of the NASZ i.e. Chaukhutiya and Rantoli faults. These portions of the
NASZ reflect consequential changes in the structural pattern due to the later
strike slip movement. Steeply dipping foliations and axial planes, rotation and
merging of hinge lines, horizontal to sub-horizontal stretching lineations in the
central part of the faults, explain the strike slip movement of the transverse faults
and related subsidiary faults. Besides of this geomorphic features are the
supportive evidences of the presence of the transverse faults (Valdiya, 1980;
Pant et al., 2007; Kothyari and Pant, 2008; Pant et al., 2011).
Pancheshwar- Seri sector is characterized by the NNE-SSW and ENE-
WSW (near the Pancheshwar), NNE-SSW and NE-SW (near the Rameshwar-
Estelar
172
Ghat), strike slip faults. The rotation in the hinge line and steeply dipping
foliations and sub-horizontal stretching lineation and parallel fractured planes are
some structural features with some geomorphic evidences, which support their
presence in the area.
Seri-Seraghat and Dwarahat-Gairsen areas are exemplified by the
transverse strike slip faults i.e. Chaukhutiya and Rantoli faults. These sectors are
very significant for the purpose of the deep study of the transverse faults of the
Himalayan region as they are the seismically active zone (Valdiya, 1975).
Horizontal to sub-horizontal stretching lineation highly fractured zone parallel to
the transverse fault, steeply dipping lithounits and regional folds with the rotation
in the hinge towards the fault trace are some similar structural features, which are
observed in the both sectors near the fault planes.
Seraghat-Dwarahat sector is similar to Pancheshwar-Seri sector, and
characterized by NNE-SSW oriented strike slip faults, those dissect the NAT
plane and oriented across the NAT in the region. The structural data strongly
proves their presence and also supported by geomorphic features. Their NNE-
SSW orientation which is sub-parallel to the major transverse faults and some
deformation pattern in the study area imply the same mechanism and timing
behind the origin of transverse faults as well as these relatively small scale faults.
In the Seraghat-Dwarahat the lithounits are sub-vertical to gently dipping and
demonstrate regional folds with the ESE-WNW and NW-SE striking axial planes.
The study evinces remarkable deformation pattern of different stages (D1,
D2, D3 and D4) with ductile to brittle stage within the NASZ presence of well
developed kinematic structures. The first phase of folding (F1) represents the D1
phase of deformation (Powell and Conaghan 1973; Saklani, 1973; Schwan, 1980;
Gairola, 1982; 1992, Gairola and Singh, 1995 and others) when isoclinal folds
(F1) developed on bedding (So) with the axial planar cleavage or schistosity (S1).
The second phase of folding (F2) over the S1, explains to D2 deformation (Powell
Estelar
173
and Conaghan 1973; Schwan, 1980; Gairola, 1982; 1992; Gairola and Singh,
1995) and suggest the development of S2 axial planar schistosity. The
mylonitization and development of c-surfaces may be related to D3 phase of
Himalayan orogeny when thrusting occurred (Krishnan, 1960; Powell and
Conaghan, 1973; Schwan, 1980; Srivastava and Gairola, 1990; Kumar and
Singh, 1992; Gairola, 1992 and Gairola and Singh, 1995). Crenulation in the
mylonite bands under the ductile regime and stretching lineation and fractures/
joints in the mylonites under brittle regime, represent later phase of deformation
or D4 phase of deformation.
Within the ductile regime the presence of symmetric and
asymmetric structures explain the pure shear component with the simple
shearing.
The presence of the mesoscopic kinematic structures of mylonites along
the tectonic planes, associated with the NASZ, reveal that the asymmetric fabric,
viz. the mylonitic foliation, S-C fabric, shear bands, asymmetric folds, faults,
sigmoidal quartz veins, delta and sigma structures have formed in ductile to brittle
conditions within the zone and explain the S to SW sense of movement.
However some mesoscopic structures i.e. C-C′ bands, kinking, small scale
shear zone in the area illustrate top to NE sense of movement in NASZ and late
stage of shearing toward NE direction along the NAT. It represents later
adjustment after placement of Almora thrust sheet over the Lesser Himalaya due
to continuous compressional stress in the area.
Normal faulting and boudinized veins show extensional regime whereas
reverse faulting and numbers of folds introduce the compressional regime within
the NASZ along with it area is also undergone superimposed folding.
Estelar
174
Thin section studies reveal that the mylonitic foliation becomes
progressively stronger and more penetrative towards the NASZ centre and which
may also caused of a stronger lattice preferred orientation of quartz grains.
Microstructures and c-axis pattern reveal both non-coaxial and coaxial
deformations. Non-coaxial deformation fabric and asymmetric microstructures
(i.e. S-C bands, rotation of porphyroblasts/ porphyroclasts, σ- and δ structures)
developed in ductile deformation indicate top-to-S and top-to-SW sense of shear
directions in the NASZ. Folded mica laths, snowball garnets and over growth of
the porphyroblasts revealed at least two phase of deformation.
The quartz c-axis single girdles geometry in the intensely sheared rocks
near the NAT trace, and asymmetric cross girdles and symmetric cross girdles/
orthogonal symmetry in less sheared rock units away from the NAT trace are
observed. Here former explains to simple shear at the NAT and later to pure
shear away from the NAT, in the NASZ. Few specimens at the vicinity of the
NAT also show symmetric cross girdles and pure shear at the NAT (near
Pancheshwar, SW sector). It may be due to later impact of pure shear over the
simple shear in the rock units within the NASZ and represent to the non-steady
strain path (Gosh and Ramberg, 1976; Platt and Behermann, 1986; Passchier,
1987; Simpson and De Paor 1993; Jiang and White, 1995; Passchier, 1998).
Since CPO in quartz aggregates indicates the deformation temperature
through active slip systems Schmid and Casey (1986), Ralser et al. (1991). The
c-axis projection which display type I single cross girdle, and asymmetric type II
cross girdles with point maxima near Y or close to Z or occasionally at an
intermediate orientation between Y and Z axes, have been shown to form by the
dominant activity of basal <a> and prism <a> at intermediate temperature
conditions (400-600º C), respectively (Takeshita, 1996; Passchier and Trouw,
1996). It also represents the deformation and metamorphism under amphibolite
facies condition (Bunge and Wenk, 1977; Schmid and Casey 1986).
Estelar
175
AMS properties of the rock units can represent the effects of shearing,
folding and faulting (Tarling and Hrouda, 1993; Hallwood et al., 1992; Nakamura
and Nagahama, 2001; Mamtani and Sengupta, 2010). Petrography and magnetic
mineralogy reveals that the anisotropy is controlled mostly by paramagnetic
minerals and negligible contribution of ferromagnetic minerals.
Vertical to subvertical magnetic foliation planes with variable orientations
represent latterly developed fabrics due to continuous horizontal compressional
forces. Their parallel alignment with the transverse faults along with horizontal to
gently plunging magnetic lineations, represent the strike slip movement of NNW-
SSE oriented transverse faults and other subsidiary faults. In the central part of
transverse faults magnetic and field foliation show contrast orientations, and
manifest superimposed deformation due to the development of transverse faults
and subsidiary faults. However in the terminal parts of the faults the magnetic and
field foliation show similar orientation and less variation between them, which
reflects negligible impacts of faulting in those portions of the faults.
Near the NAT contact magnetic foliation planes follow the orientation of
the contact and remain parallel to it until faults are encountered and the magnetic
foliations become parallel to these faults in the area.
The clusters of magnetic axes (K1, K2 and K3) are well defined in the rocks
of the Saryu Formation as well as in the highly sheared micaceous quartzarenites
of the Rautgara Formation, as shown by stereoplots. However less deformed
quartzarenite rock samples away from the NAT have almost randomly oriented
axes e.g. mixed maximum, intermediate and minimum axes and shows no
significant results in fabric study.
Schists are showing positive as well as negative relation between Pj and
Km. Positive relation is due to the growth of very fine grain iron oxides and
negative relation is due to alteration of paramagnetic minerals as strain
increases, which is verified with the petrography study. Granitic gneiss and
Estelar
176
proto-mylonite to mylonite in the study area, are consistently showing negative
relation between Pj and Km due to the decreasing the size of the paramagnetic
minerals on increasing the strain near the thrust plane. High Km value of
ultramylonitised granite is a consequence of the presence of ferromagnetic
minerals (pyrrhotite, size < 0.1mm). High Pj value at the NAT plane is due to the
localization of high strain in the rocks of the contact.
Rf /φ plots is giving high strain (Rs) values near the NAT and low from the
distant area of the NAT, which represent increasing value of strain towards the
central part of the NASZ.
Highly fractured and sheared rocks in the fault zones show distinct
magnetic foliations, are oriented parallel or sub-parallel to the fault plane. Their
parallel orientations are due to the growth of fine grain iron oxides along fractures
developed parallel to the fault zone. These results of fractured rocks are
significant in finding out the effects of the main transverse faults as well as of the
small scale subsidiary faults (Nakamura and Nagahama, 2001).
The magnetic parameter (T vs. Pj) and Flinn plots show dominating oblate
magnetic ellipsoids in the central part of the transverse faults, and prolate to
oblate magnetic ellipsoids in terminals of the transverse faults and along the
NAT. Therefore it is inferred that deformation was mostly of flattening in the
central part and constrictional in terminal parts of the transverse faults and other
parts of the NASZ. Here magnetic ellipsoids along the transverse faults show
flattening strain and strike slip faulting, whereas along the NAT trace represents
constrictional to flattening strain and thrusting effects.
CONCLUSION
Structural observations in the field and laboratory explain that the area has
been under gone two major deformation regimes i.e. ductile to brittle-
Estelar
177
ductile deformation, and lithounits are intensely deformed and mylonitized
in the NASZ.
The study verifies remarkable deformation pattern of D1, D2, D3 and 4
stages within the NASZ. D1 deformation explains the development of the
S1 schistosity over the So and D2 deformation suggest the development of
S2 due to the folding in the S1 schistosity. The mylonitization during
shearing show the development of c-surface and represents D3 phase of
deformation in the Himalayan orogeny. Crenulation in the mylonite bands
and highly fractured lithounits of the hanging wall as well as foot wall
define the strong brittle deformation of later stage and D4 phase of
deformation in the NASZ.
Microstructures study revealed at least two phase of deformation in rock
units of the NASZ.
Superimposed folding within the NASZ concluded the different phase of
deformation under the ductile conditions. Open to tight isoclinal folds in the
hanging wall represents progressive deformation towards the NAT plane.
Petrofabric study revealed the strong mylonitic foliation with grain size
reduction and completely recrystallized grains (shows oblique secondary
foliation) in the Suryu Formation (hanging wall) near the NAT and
incremental strain in the shear zone towards the center of the NASZ.
However the rock units of the foot wall that belongs to Rautgara Formation
show absence of recrystallization of grains and less deformation.
Sericitization or increased amount of muscovite at the centre of the NASZ
is revealing retrograde metamorphism at the time of thrusting within the
shear zone.
Precise field and laboratory (meso- microstructures and CPO of the quartz
c-axis) studies explain that the structures and fabric of the rocks have
been undergone simple shear and some where pure shear deformations.
Specifically the development of symmetry in the fabrics at the NAT plane
Estelar
178
is giving clue of the impact pure shear over the simples shear active in the
centre of the NASZ.
The asymmetry of the fabric (either CPO or meso-microstructures)
revealed the top to SW or S sense of shearing in the Southerly and South
Westerly dipping NASZ.
The structures that are developed under the brittle or brittle-ductile regime
as a response of later tectonic adjustments indicate top to NE shear in the
NASZ.
Few small scale wedge shaped shear zone with top to NE shearing are
observed in the NASZ, which represent the post-shear zone structures.
These formed as a consequence of tectonic movements in response to
still continuing compression.
AMS, and petrofabric study proved the incremental strain towards the NAT
contact in the NASZ.
Indepth study (field, AMS data) represents the strong evidences of the
presence of the subsequently developed transverse faults along the NAT
in the NW and central part of the NASZ. Study explains that the transverse
faults are more active in the central part then the terminal parts and they
reflect the high strain accumulation at that portion of the NASZ.
Magnetic and micro-fabric ellipsoids indicate constrictional to flattening
strain along the NAT contact and dominantly flattening strain where
transverse faults encountered, and reflect early thrusting and subsequent
faulting effects, respectively.
Steep foliation planes at the vicinity of the NAT contact where transverse
faults encountered and gentle foliation in other parts of the contact explain
the differential strain accumulation within the NASZ and relatively high
stain along the transverse faults.
Estelar
179
Some new faults i.e. NNE-SSW trending fault near Pancheshwar and NW-
SE trending near Ghat are discovered in the study area.
The steep magnetic foliations are interpreted to be on account of regional
compression.
KINEMATIC MODEL:
Through present indepth structural study a model is proposed which
explains the incremental stages of deformation in the NASZ: (I) The stage
explain the low angle thrust fault with the S and SW shear sense and (II) second
stage explain the change in the low angle thrust plane (NAT) to steep plane due
to continuous accumulation of and subsequently development of the transverse
fault along the NAT in the brittle-ductile regime (Fig.6).
Estelar
180
Estelar
181
REFERENCES
AGARWAL, K.K. (1994) Tectonic Evolution of the Almora Crystalline Zone,
Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: A reinterpretation. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.43,
pp. 5-14.
AGARWAL, K.K. and BALI, R. (2008) Small-scale deformational structures as
significant shear-sense indicators: An example from Almora Crystalline
Zone, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Eart. Sci. India, v.I (III), pp.161-172.
AGARWAL, K.K., BALI, R., PATIL, S.K. and ALI, N. (2010) Anisotropy of Magnetic
Susceptibility in the Almora Crystalline Zone Lesser Himalaya, India: A case
study. Asian Jour. Eart. Sci. v.3 (1), pp.1-10.
AGARWAL, K.K. and BHATTACHARYA, A.R. (1987) Structural studies in the Almora
Crystalline Zone of the Mukteshwar-Paharpani area, Kumaun Himalaya. In:
V.K. Gairola (Ed.), Proc. Nat. Sem. Ter. Orogeny in Indian Subcontinent
Varanasi, pp.1-9.
AGARWAL, N.C. and KUMAR, G. (1973) Geology of Upper Bhagirathi and Yamuna
Valley, Uttarkashi Disrtrict, Kumaun. Himalayan Geology, v.3, pp.1–21.
AHMAD, T., HARRIS, N., BICKLE, M., CHAPMAN, H., BUNBURY, J. and PRINCE, C.
(2000) Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the
Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series,
Garwhal Himalaya. Geol. Soc. of Ame. Bull., v.112, pp.467–477.
ALSOP, G.I. and HOLDSWORTH, R.E. (1999) Vergence and facing patterns in large
scale sheath folds. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.21, pp.1335-1349.
ALSOP, G.I. and HOLDSWORTH, R.E. (2004) The geometry and topology of natural
sheath folds: a new tool for structural analysis. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.26,
pp1561-1590.
ARANGUREN, A., CUEVAS, J. and TUBIA, J.M. (1996) Composite magnetic fabrics
from S-C mylonites. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.18, pp.863-869.
ARGAND, E. (1924) La tectonique de l’ Asie. International Geological Congress
Report Session, v.13, pp. 170–372.
Estelar
182
ARITA, K. (1983) Origin of the inverted metamorphism of the Lower Himalayas
Central Nepal. Tectonophysics, v.95, pp.43– 60.
AUBOURG, C., HEBERT, R., JOLIVET, L. and CARTAYRADE, G. (2000) The magnetic
fabric of metasediments in a detachment shear zone: the example of Tinos
Island (Greece). Tectonophysics, v.321, pp.219-236.
AUDEN, J.B. (1937) Structure of the Himalaya in Garhwal. Records of the Geol.
Surv. India, v.71, pp.407–443.
BACKER, G.F. (1996) Schistosity and slaty cleavage. Jour. Geol., v.4, pp.429-448.
BAETA, R.D. and ASHBEE, K.H.G. (1969a) Slip systems in quartz. Experiments.
Am. Mineral. v.54, pp.1551–1573.
BAETA, R.D. and ASHBEE, K.H.G. (1969b) Slip systems in quartz. Interpretation.
Am. Mineral. v.54, pp.1574–1582.
BALI, R. and AGARWAL, K.K. (1999) Microstructures of Mylonites in the Almora
Crystalline Zone, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Gond. Res. Gr. Mem., v.6,
pp.111-116.
BALI, R. and BHATTACHARYA, A.R. (1988) Geological and Structural studies of the
rocks of the Dwarahat-Chaukhutia area, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya with
special reference to the North Almora Fault. Geosci. Jour., v.9, pp.215-230.
BARANOWSKI, J., ARMBRUSTER, J. and SEEBER, L. (1984) Focal depths and fault
plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Himalaya, Jour.
Geophys. Res., v.89, pp.6918-6928,
BARKER, A. J. (1994) Interpretation of porphyroblast inclusion trails: limitations
imposed by growth kinetics and strain rates. Jour. Meta. Geol., v.12, pp.681-
694.
BEGHOUL, N., BARAZANGI, M. and ISACKS, B.L. (1993) Lithospheric structure of
Tibet and Western North America; Mechanisms of uplift and a comparative
study. Jour. Geophy. Res. v.98, pp.1997–2016.
BELL, T.H. (1978) Progressive deformation and reorientation of fold axes in a
ductile mylonite zone: the Woodroffe thrust. Tectonophysics, v.44, pp.285-
320.
Estelar
183
BELL, T.H. (1985) Deformation partitioning and porphyroblast rotation in
metamorphic rocks: a radical reinterpretation. Jour. Meta. Geol.,v.3, pp.109–
118.
BELL, T.H. and CHEN, A. (2002) The development of spiral-shaped inclusion trails
during multiple metamorphism and folding. Jour. Meta. Geol., v.20, pp.397-
412.
BELL, T.H. and JOHNSON, S.E. (1992) Shear sense: a new approach that resolves
conflicts between criteria in metamorphic rocks. Jour. Meta. Geol., v.10,
pp.99-124.
BHARGAVA, O.N. (1972) A reinterpretation of the Krol belt. Him. Geol., v.2, pp.47-
81.
BHATTACHARYA, A.R. (1997) A ductile thrust in Himalaya. Geoinformatics, v.8,
pp.143-148.
BHATTACHARYA, A.R. (1999) Deformational regimes across the Kumaun
Himalaya: a study in strain patterns. Gond. Res. Mem. (Japan), v.6, pp.81–
90.
BHATTACHARYA, A.R. (2000) Mineralogical constrains on shear zone modelling
miner. Mineralogica Petrographica Acta, v.63, pp.21-26.
BHATTACHARYA, A.R. and AGARWAL, K.K. (1985) Mylonites from the Kumaun
Lesser Himalaya. Neu. Jahr. für Miner. Abh., v.152, pp.65-77.
BHATTACHARYA, A.R. and AGARWAL, K.K. (1989) Strain analysis and fold shape
modification in a crystalline complex of the Lesser Himalaya. Krystallinikum,
v.20: pp.7-25.
BHATTACHARYA, A.R. and WEBER, K. (2004) Fabric development during shear
deformation in the Main Central Thrust Zone, NW-Himalaya, India.
Tectonophysics, v.387, pp.23– 46.
BHATTACHARYA, D.S. and SANAYAL, P. (1988) The Singhbhum orogen-its structure
and stratigraphy. Mem. Geol. Soci. India, v.8, pp.5-11.
BILHAM, R. and GAUR, V.K. (2000) Geodetic contributions of the study of
seismotectonics in India. Curr. Sci., v.79, pp.1259-1269.
Estelar
184
BILHAM, R., GAUR, V.K. and MOLNAR, P. (2001) Himalayan seismic hazard.
Science, v.293, pp.1442– 1444.
BLACIC, J.D. (1975) Plastic deformation mechanisms in quartz; the effect of water.
Tectonophysics, v.27, pp.271–294.
BORDET, P. (1961) Recherches geologiques dans 1’Himaiaya du Nepal r&ion de
la Makalu. Centre Natl. Rech. Sci. Paris, 275p.
BORDET, P., COLCHEN, M., KRUMMENACHER, D., LEFORT, P., MOUTERDE, R. and
REMY, J. (1971) Reeherches GBologiques dans PHimalaya du Nepal region
IaTakkhola, Centre Natl. Rech. Sci., Paris, 279 p.
BORRADAILE, G.J. (1988) Magnetic susceptibility fabrics. Petrofabrics and strain.
Tectonophysics, v.156, pp.l-20.
BORRADAILE, G.J. (1991) Correlation of strain with anisotropy of magnetic
susceptibility (AMS). Pure and Applied Geophysics, v.135, pp.15-29.
BORRADAILE, G.J. (2001) Magnetic fabrics and petrofabrics: their orientation
distributions and anisotropies. Jorn. Stru. Geol., v.23, pp.1581-1596.
BORRADAILE, G.J. and HAMILTON, T. (2004) Magnetic fabrics may proxy as
neotectonics stress trajectories, Polis rift, Cyprus. Tectonics, v.23, TC 1001,
pp.1-11.
BORRADAILE, G.J. and HENRY, B. (1997) Tectonic applications of magnetic
susceptibility and its anisotropy. Earth Sci. Rev., v.42, pp.49-93.
BORRADAILE, G.J. and JACKSON, M. (2004) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
(AMS), magnetic petrofabrics of deformation rocks. In Magnetic Fabrics
(Eds. F. Martin-Hernandez, C.M. Lunenburg, C. Aubourg, M. Jackson.),
Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. No. 238, pp.299-360.
BORRADAILE, G.J. and JACKSON, M. (2009) Structural geology, petrofabrics and
magnetic fabrics (AMS, AARM, AIRM). Jour. Stru. Geol., Article in Press,
doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.09.006.
BORRADAILE, G.J. and WERNER, T. (1994) Magnetic anisotropy of some
phyllosilicates. Tectonophysics, v.235, pp.223-248.
BOUCHER, J.L. (1977) Plastic deformation of quartzite at low temperature in an
area of natural strain gradient. Tectonophysics, v.39, pp.25-50.
Estelar
185
BOUCHER, J.L. (1978) Preferred orientations of quartz a-axes in some tectonites:
kinematic inferences. Tectonopyhysics, v.49, T25–T30.
BUNGE, H.J. and WENK, H.R. (1977) Three dimensional texture analysis of
quartzite (trigonal crystal and triclinic specimen symmetry). Tectonophysics,
v.40, pp.257-285.
CARRERAS, J., DRUGUET, E. and GRIERA, A. (2005) Shear zone-related folds, Jour.
Stru. Geol. v.27, pp.1229–1251.
CARRERAS, J., ESTRADA, A. and WHITE, S. (1977) The effects of folding on the c-
axis fabrics of a quartz-mylonite. Tectonophysics, v.39, pp.3-24.
CÉLÉRIER, J., HARRISON, T.M., YIN, A. and WEBB, A.A.G. (2009a) The Kumaun
and Garwhal Lesser Himalaya, India. Part 1: Structure and stratigraphy.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.121, pp.1262-1280.
CULSHAW, N. (1987) Microstructures, c-axis pattern, microstrain and kinematics of
some S-C mylonites in Grenville gneiss. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.9, pp.299-311.
DEBACKER, T.N., HERBOSCH, A. and VERNIERS, J. (2011) The presumed Upper
Ordovician green rocks at Rebecq reinterpreted as a resurfacing of the
Cambrian Oisquercq Formation (Senne Valley, Anglo-Brabant Deformation
Belt, Belgium) Geol. Belg. v.14, pp.249-264.
DEBACKER, T.N., HIRT, A.M., ROBION, P. and SINTUBIN, M. (2009) Differences
between magnetic and mineral fabrics in low-grade, cleaved siliciclastic
pelites: A case study from the Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt (Belgium).
Tectonophysics, v.466, pp.32-46.
DEBACKER, T.N., SINTUBIN, M. and ROBION, P. (2010) On the use of magnetic
techniques for stratigraphic purposes: examples from the Lower Palaeozoic
Anglo- Brabant Deformation Belt (Belgium). Geol. Belg., v.13, pp.333-350.
DECELLES, P.G., ROBINSON, D.M., QUADE, J., OJHA, T.P., GARZIONE, C.N.,
COPELAND, P., and UPRETI, B.N. (2001) Stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic
evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics, v.20,
pp.487–509.
Estelar
186
DEKKERS, M. J. (1988) Magnetic properties of natural pyrrhotite Part I: Behaviour
of initial susceptibility and saturation-magnetization-related rock-magnetic
parameters in a grain-size dependent framework. Phy. Earth Planet. Int.,
v.52, pp.376-393.
DEKKERS, M. J. (1989b) Magnetic properties of natural pyrrhotite. II. High- and
low-temperature behavior of Jrs and TRM as a function of grain size. Phy.
Earth Planet. Int., v.57, pp.266–283.
DELL’ANGELO, L.N. and TULLIS, J. (1986) A comparison of quartz c-axis preferred
orientations in experimentally deformed aplites and quartzites. Jour. Stru.
Geol., v.8, pp.683–692.
DEVRANI, U. and DUBEY, A.K. (2009) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and
petrofabric studies in the Garhwal Synform, Outer Lesser
Himalaya: evidence of pop-up klippen. Island Arc. DOI 10.1111/j.1440-
1738.2008.00628.X
DHOUNDIAL, D.P. and ALI, K.N. (1967) In: Director General’s General report for
1964-65. Rec. Geol. Surv. India. v.99, pp.35-36.
DRURY, M.R., VAN DER VISSERS, R.L.M., VAN DER WAL, D. and HOOGERDUIJN
STRATING, E.H. (1991) Shear localisation in upper mantle peridotites. Pure
and Applied Geophysics, v.137, pp.439-460.
DUBEY, A.K. (2004) Structural evolution of the Himalaya: field studies,
experimental models, and implications for seismicity. Himalayan Geol., v.25,
pp.33-50.
DUBEY, A.K. and BHAKUNI, S.S. (2004) Development of Extension Faults on the
Oblique Thrust Ramp Hanging Wall: Example from the Tethys Himalaya.
Jour. Asian Eart. Sci, v. 23, pp.427-434.
DUBEY, A.K. and BHAKUNI, S.S. (2008) Neotectonic stress and active tectonics in
the Garhwal Inner Lesser Himalaya: anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
studies. Jour. Him. Geol., v.29, pp.35-47.
DUBEY, A.K., BHAKUNI, S.S. and SELOKAR, A.D. (2004) Structural evolution of the
Kangra recess, Himachal Himalaya: a model based on magnetic and
petrofabric strains. Jour. Asian Eart. Sci., v.24, pp.245-258.
Estelar
187
DUNNET, D. (1969) A technique of strain analysis using elliptical particales.
Tectonophysics, v.7, pp.117-176.
DUNNET, D. and SIDDAN, A.W.B. (1971) Non random sedimentary fabrics and their
modification by strain; Tectonophys. v.12, pp.307–325.
EISBACHER, G.H. (1970) Deformation mechanics of mylonite rocks and fractured
granulites in Cobequid Mountains, Nova Scotia, Gannada, Geol. Soc. Am.
Bull. v.81, pp.2009-2020.
ELLWOOD, B.B., CRICK, R.E., EL HASSANI, A., BENOIST, S.L. and YOUNG, R.H.
(2000) Magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy method applied to
marine rocks: Detrital input versus carbonate productivity. Geology, v.28,
pp.1135-1138.
ESCHER, A. and WATTERSTON, J. (1974) Stretching fabrics, folds and crustal
shortening. Tectonophysics v.22, pp.223-231.
EVANS, P. (1965) Structure of the northeastern frontier area of Assam. Dr. D.N.
Wadia Commemorative Volume, Min. Geol. Metal. Inst. Ind., Calcutta,
pp.640-645.
FAZIO, E., PUNTURO, R. and CIRRINCIONE, R. (2010) Quartz c-axis texture mapping
of mylonitic metapelite with rod structures (Calabria, southern Italy): Clues
for hidden shear flow direction. Jour. Geol. Soc. India., v.75, pp.171-182.
FERGUSON, C.C. (1984) Aprobabilistic model for the persistence of early planar
fabrics in polydeformed politic schists. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.6, pp.135- 146.
FITTER, F.P. (1989) Coaxial strain modification of anisotropy of magnetic
susceptibility: a theoretical study in two dimensions. M.Sc. thesis, University
of Texas.
FITZ GERALD, J.D. and STUNITZ, H. (1993) Deformation of granitoids at low
metamorphic grade I: reactions and grain size reduction. Tectonophysics,
v.221, pp.269–97.
FLINN, D. (1962) On folding during three-dimensional progressive deformations.
Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v.118, pp.385-433.
FLINN, D. (1965) On the symmetry principle and the deformation ellipsoid. Geol.
Mag., v.107, pp.36-45.
Estelar
188
FRANK, W., GANSSER, A. and TROMMSDORFF, V. (1977) Geological observations in
the Ladakh area, a preliminary report, Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitterling,
v.57, pp.89-113.
FUETEN, F., ROBIN, P.Y.F. and STEPHENS, R. (1991) A model for the development
of a domainal quartz c-axis fabric in a coarse- grained gneiss. Jour. Stru.
Geol., v.13, pp.1111-1124.
GAIROLA, V.K. (1982) Lower Himalayan rocks of Garhwal: their metamorphism
and deformation; Geol. Surv. India. Misc. Publ. v.41, pp.215-230.
GAIROLA, V.K. (1992) Structure and tectonics of the Garhwal Synform; In The
Himalayan Orogen and Global Tectonics (ed.) A. K. Sinha (New Delhi:
Oxford and IBH Publ.) pp.89-104.
GAIROLA, V.K. and JOSHI, M. (1980) Structure of a part of Dudatoli–Almora
Crystalline Thrust sheet around Thalisain, Dist. Pauri Garhwal, U.P. Him.
Geol. v.8, pp.379-398.
GAIROLA, V.K. and SINGH, R.A. (1995) Microstructures and evolution of folds in S-
C mylonites from Dudatoli- Almora crystalline of Garhwal Himalaya. Indian
Acad. Sci. (Eart. Planet. Sci.), v.104, pp.509-521.
GANSSER, A. (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience Publishers, London,
273p.
GAPAIS, D. (1989) Shear structures within deformed granites: mechanical and
thermal indicators. Geology, v.17, pp.1144–1147.
GHOSH, A. (1973) Tectonic evolution of Lesser Himalaya of Kumaun, Uttar
Pradesh. Proc. Geodynamics of Himalayan Region, Natl. Geophys. Res.
Inst., Hyderabad, pp.136-147.
GHOSH, A., CHAKRABARTI, B. and SINGH, R.K. (1974) Structural and Metamorphic
History of the Almora Group, Kumaun Himalaya. Him. Geol., v.4, pp.171-
194.
GHOSH, S.K. and CHATTERJEE, A. (1985) Patterns of deformed early lineations
over late folds formed by buckling and flattening. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.7,
pp.651-666.
Estelar
189
GHOSH, S.K., HAZRA, S. and SENGUPTA, S. (1999) Planar, non-planar and
refolded sheath folds in Phulad shear zone, Rajasthan, India. Jour. Stru.
Geol. v.21, pp. 1715-1729.
GHOSH, A. and RAMBERG, H. (1976) Reorientation of inclusions by combination of
pure shear and simple shear. Tectonophysics, v.34, pp.1-70.
GHOSH, S.K., SEN, G., SENGUPTA, S. (2003) Rotation of long tectonic clasts in
transpressional shear zones. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.25, pp.1083-1096.
GHOSH, S.K. and SENGUPTA, S. (1987) Progressive development of structures in
a ductile shear zones. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.9 (3), pp.277-287.
GHOSH, S.K. and SENGUPTA, S. (1990) Singhbhum Shear Zone: Structural
transition and a kinematic model. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of
Sciences (Eart. Planet. Sci.) v.99, pp.229-247.
GLEASON, G.C., TULLIS, J. and HEIDELBACH, F. (1993) The role of dynamic
recrystallization in the development of lattice preferred orientations in
experimentally deformed quartz aggregates. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.15,
pp.1145–1168.
GOODWIN, L.B. and TIKOFF, B. (2002) Competency contrast, kinematics, and the
development of foliations and lineations in the crust. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.24,
pp.1065–1085.
GOSWAMI, P.K. and PANT, C.C. (2008) Morphotectonic evolution of the Binau–
Ramganga–Naurar transverse valley, southern Kumaun Lesser Himalaya.
Curt Sci., v.94, pp.1640-1645.
GRAHAM, J.W. (1954) Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, an unexploited
petrofabric element.Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., v.65, pp.1257-1258.
GRASEMANN, B., FRITZ, H. and VANNAY, J.C. (1999) Quantitative kinematic flow
analysis from the Main Central Thrust Zone (NW-Himalaya): implications for
a decelerating strain path and extrusion of orogenic wedges. Jour. Stru.
Geol. v.21, pp. 837–853.
GRIESBACH, C.L. (1891) Geology of the Central Himalaya. Mem. Geol. Surv.
India, v.23, 232p.
Estelar
190
HALLWOOD, E.A., MADDOCK, R.K., FUNG, T. and RUTTER, E.H. (1992)
Paleomagnetic analysis of fault gouge and dating fault movement, Anglesey,
North Wales. Jour. Geol. Soci. London, v.149, pp.273–84.
HANMER, S. and PASSCHIER, C.W. (1991) Shear sense indicators: a review. Geol.
Surv. Canada. Paper 90.
HARA, I., TAKEDA, K. and KIMURA, T. (1973). Preferred Lattice orientation of quartz
in shear deformation; Jour.Sci.Hioroshima.Univ. v.7, pp.1-10.
HASHIMOTO, S., OHTA, Y. and AKIBA, C. (Editors), 1.973. Geology of the Nepal
Himalayas. Himalayan Committee Hokkaido University, Sappora, 286 pp.
HEILBRONNER, R. and TULLIS, J. (2002) The effect of static annealing on
microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation of quartzites
experimentally deformed in axial compression and shear. In: de Meer, S.,
Drury, M.R., de Bresser, J.H.P., Pennock, G.M. (Eds.), Deformation
Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future
Perspectives. Geol. Soci. London, Spec. Publ., v.200, pp.191–218.
HEILBRONNER, R. and TULLIS, J. (2006) Evolution of c-axis pole figures and grain
size during dynamic recrystallization: Results from experimentally sheared
quartzite. Jour.Geophy. Res., v.111, B10202.
HEIM, A. and GANSSER, A. (1939) Central Himalaya Geological Observations of
Swiss, v.73, pp.1-246.
HENRY, B. and HROUDA, F. (1989) Analyse de la deformation finie des foches par
determination de leur anisotropie de susceptibilite magnetique. C. R. Acad.
Sci. Paris. v.308, pp.731-737.
HERBOSCH, A., DEBACKER, T.N. and PIESSENS, K. (2008) The stratigraphic position
of the Cambrian Jodoigne Formation redefined (Brabant Massif,
Belgium).Geologica Belgica, 11: 133-150.
HIPPERT, J.F. (1994) Microstructures and c-axis fabrics indicative of quartz
dissolution in sheared quartzites and phyllonites. Tectonophysics, v.229,
pp.141-163.
Estelar
191
HIPPERT, J.F. (1998) Breakdown of feldspar, volume gain and lateral mass
transfer during mylonitization of granitoid in a low metamorphic grade shear
zone. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.20, pp.175–193.
HIRTH, G. and TULLIS, J. (1992) Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates.
Jour. Stru. Geol. v.14, pp.145–159.
HOBBS, B.E. (1985) The geological significance of microfabric analysis. In: Wenk,
H.-R. (Ed.), Preferred Orientation in Deformed Metals and Rocks: An
Introduction to Modern Texture Analysis. Academic Press, Orlando, FL,
pp.463-484.
HOBBS, B.E., MEANS, W.D. and WILLIAMS, P.F. (1976) An Outline of Structural
Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. HODGES, K.V. (2000) Tectonics
of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geol. Soc. Am.
Bull., v.112, pp.324-350.
HOGNA, F.D. and HIPPERTT, J.F. (2001) Quartz crystallographic and morphologic
fabrics during folding/transposition in mylonites. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.23,
pp.81-92.
HOUSEN, B. A., RICHTER, C. and VAN DER PLUIJM, B. (1993) Composite magnetic
anisotropy fabrics: experiments, numerical models, and implications for the
quantification of rock fabrics. Tectonophysics v.220, pp.1-12.
HROUDA, F. (1987) Mathematical model relationship between the paramagnetic
anisotropy and strain in slates. Tectonophysics, v.142, pp.323-327.
HROUDA, F. and LANZA, R. (1989) Magnetic fabric in the Biella and Traversella
stocks (Periadriatic Line): implications for the emplacement mode. Phys.
Earth Planet. Ints., v.56, pp.337-48.
HUKKU, B.M. (1962) A geological evolution of the thrusts and faults in the vicinity
of the Bras-Sutlej link project and the Uhl hydel project, H.P. Proc. 2nd
Symp. Earthquake Eng. Roorkee University, Roorkee, P. 423-43.
ISLAM, R., GHOSH, S.K., VYSHNAVI, S. and SUNDRIYAL, Y.P. (2011) Petrography,
geochemistry and regional significance of crystalline klippen in the Garhwal
Lesser Himalaya, India, Jour. Earth Syst. Sci., v.120, pp. 489–501.
Estelar
192
JADE, S. (2004) Estimates of plate velocity and crustal deformation in the Indian
subcontinent using GPS geodesy. Curr. Sci., v.86, pp.1443-1448.
JAIN, A.K. (1971) Stratigraphy and tectonics of Lesser Himalaya region of
Uttarrkashi, Garhwal, U.P., Him. Geol., v.2, pp.188-205.
JAIN, A. K. and MANIKAVASAGAM, R. M. (2002) Himalayan Collision Tectonics.
Gond. Res. Gr. Mem, 7p.
JAN, M.Q. and SEYMOUR, R.F. (1977) Piedmontite schist from upper Swat,
northwest Pakistan, Mineralogical Mag. v.41, pp. 537-540.
JANGPANGI, B.S. (1974) Stratigraphy and tectonics of parts of Eastern Bhutan.
Him. Geol., v.4, pp.117-136.
JAYANGONDAPERUMAL, R. and DUBEY, A.K. (2001) Superposed folding of blind
thrust and formation of klippen: results of anisotropic magnetic susceptibility
from the Lesser Himalaya. Jour. Asian Eart. Sci., v.19, pp.713-725.
JAYANGONDAPERUMAL, R., DUBEY, A.K, and SEN, K. (2010a) Mesoscopic and
magnetic fabrics in arcuate igneous bodies: an example from the Mandi-
Karsog pluton, Himachal Lesser Himalaya., Geol.
Magazene.doi:10.1017/S0016756810000105.
JAYANGONDAPERUMAL, R., DUBEY, A.K, and SEN, K. (2010b) Structural and
Magnetic Fabric Studies of Recess Structures in the Western Himalaya:
Implications for 1905 Kangra Earthquake. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.75,
pp.225-238.
JELINEK, V. (1981) Characterization of the magnetic fabric of rocks.
Tectonophysics, v.79, pp.63–67.
JELINEK, V. and POKORNÝ, J. (1997) Some new concepts in technology of
transformer bridges for measuring susceptibility anisotropy of rocks. Phys.
Chem. Earth, v.22, pp.179-181.
JESSELL, M.W. and LISTER, G.S. (1990) A simulation of temperature dependence
of quartz fabric. In: Knipe, R.J., Rutter, E.H. (Eds.), Deformation Mechanism,
Rheology and Tectonics, Geol. Soci. Spec. Publ., v.54, pp.353-362.
Estelar
193
JIANG, D. and WHITE, J.C. (1995) Kinematics of rock flow and the interpretation of
geological structures, with particular reference to shear zones. Jour. Stru.
Geol. v.17, pp.1249–65.
JOHNSON, M.R.W. (1986) The structural evolution of the Kumaun Himalaya, in
Himalayan Thrusts and Associated Rocks, edited by P.S. Saklani, pp.27-39,
Today's and Tomorrow's Publishers, New Delhi, India,.
JOHNSON, M.R.W. (2002) Shortening budgets and the role of continental
subduction during the India–Asia collision Earth-Science Reviews, v.59,
pp.101–123.
JOSHI, M. (1999) Evolution of the Basal Shear Zone of the Almora Nappe,
Kumaun Himalaya. Mem. Gond. Res. Gr. Mem., v.6, pp.69-80.
JOSHI, M. and TIWARI, A.N. (2004) Quartz c-axes and metastable phases in the
metamorphic rocks of Almora Nappe: evidence of pre-Himalayan signatures.
Curr. Sci. v.87, pp.995–999.
JOSHI, M. and TIWARI, A.N. (2005b) Tectonic evolution of the Almora Nappe along
the Chhara–Someshwar transect, Kumaun Himalaya. In: Saklani, P.S. (Ed.),
Himalaya (Geol. Asp.), v.3, pp.191–202.
JOSHI, M. and TIWARI, A.N. (2007) Folded metamorphic reaction isograds in the
Almora Nappe, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: field evidence and tectonic
implications. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, v. 244,
pp.215–225.
JOSHI, M. and TIWARI, A.N. (2009) Structural events and metamorphic
consequences in Almora Nappe, during Himalayan collision tectonics. Jour.
Asian Eart. Sci., v.34, pp.326-335.
JOY, S. and SAHA, D. (2000) Dynamically recrystallised quartz c-axis fabrics in
greenschist facies quartzites, Singhbhum shear zone and its footwall,
eastern India- influence of high fluid activity. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.22, pp.777-
793.
KAILA, K.L., GAUR, V.K. and NARAIN, H. (1972) Quantitative seismicity maps of
India. Bull. Seismol. Sot. Am., v.62: pp.1119-1132.
Estelar
194
KHARKWAL, A.D. (1951) A study of gneissose granites and associated
metamorphic rocks of Lohaghat, Almora District, Quart. Jour. Geol. Min.
Metal, Soc. India. v.23, pp.135-146.
KHATTRI, K.N. (1987). Great earthquakes, seismicity gaps and potential for
earthquakes along the Himalayan plate boundary. Tectonophysics, v. 38,
pp. 79–92.
KHATTRI, K.N., RAI, K., JAIN, A.K., SINVHAL, H., GAUR, V.K. and MITHAL, R.S.
(1978) The Kinnaur earthquake, Himachal Pradesh, India, of 19 January,
1975. Tectonophysics, v.49 (1-2), pp.1-21. ISSN 0040-1951.
KHATTRI, K.N. and TYAGI, A.K. (1983) Seismicity patterns in the Himalayan plate
boundary and the identification of areas of high seismic potential.
Tectonophysics, v.96, pp.19–29.
KRISHNAN M.S. (1960) Geology of India and Burma; (Madras Higginbothams Pvt.
Ltd.) pp.1-604.
KRISHNASWAMY, V.S. (1962) Significance of the Moradabad Fault in the
Indogangetic Basin and other faults in the Sub-Himalaya in relation to the
Ramganga River Project. Proc. 2nd. Symp. Earthquake Eng., Roorkee
University, Roorkee, pp.411-422.
KRISHNASWAMY, V.S., Jalote, S.P. and Shome, S.K. (1970) Recent crustal
movements in the northwest Himalaya and the Gangetic foredeep and
related pattern of seismicity. Proc. 4th. Symp. Earthquake Eng., Roorkee
University, Roorkee, pp. 419-339.
KOTHYARI G.C. (2010) Quaternary Reactivation of North Almora Thrust
Implication to Neotectonic Rejuvenation, Lesser Himalaya, Uttaranchal
LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (ISBN-13: 978-3-8383-7406-2ISBN-
10: 3838374061 pp.144.
KOTHYARI G.C. and PANT P.D. (2008a) Evidences of Active Deformation in the
Northerwestern Part of Almora, in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: A Geomorphic
Perspective. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.72, pp.353-364.
KOTHYARI G.C. and PANT P.D. (2008b) Neotectonics of north-western part of
Almora District around Dwarahat-Chaukhutia area in Central Kumaun
Estelar
195
Himalaya: A Geomorphic perspective. Jour. Eco. Geol. Georesou. Manag.,
v.5. pp.86-96.
KUMAR, G. and AGARWAL, N.C. (1975) Geology of the Srinagar-Nandprayag area
(Alaknanda Valley), Chamoli, Garhwal and Tehri-Garhwal District, Kumaon
Himalaya, UP. Him. Geol., v.5, pp.29–59.
KUMAR, G., PRAKASH, G. and SINGH, K.N. (1974) Geology of Deoprayag- Dwarhat
area, Garhwal, Chamoli and Almora Districts, Kumaun Himalaya, UP. Him.
Geol., v.4, pp.321–346.
KUMAR, R.S. and PRASANNAKUMAR, V. (2009) Fabric evolution in Salem-Attur
Shear Zone, South India, and its implications on the kinematics. Gond. Res.,
v.16, pp.37-44.
KUMAR, G. and SINGH, G. (1992) Imprints of global tectonic events in the
Himalaya; In Himalayan orogen and global tectonics (ed.) A.K. Sinha (New
Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd.) pp.169-181.
KURZ, W., FRITZ, H., TENCZER, V. and Unzog, W. (2002) Tectonometamorphic
evolution of the Koralm Complex (Eastern Alps): constraints from
microstructures and textures of the ‘Plattengneis’ shear zone. Jour. Stru.
Geol., v.24, pp.1957-1970.
LAGOEIRO, L., HIPPERTT, J. and LANA, C. (2003) Deformation partitioning during
folding and transposition of quartz layers. Tectonophysics, V.361, PP. 171-
186.
LAW, R.D. (1987) Heterogeneous deformation and quartz crystallo graphic fabric
transitions: natural examples from the Stack of Glencoul, northern Assynt.
Jour. Stru. Geol. v.9, pp.819-833.
LAW, R.D. (1990) Crystallographic fabrics: a selective review of their applications
to research in structural geology. Spec. Publ. -Geol. Soc. Lond. v.54,
pp.335– 352.
LAW, R.D., KNIPE, R.J. and DAYAN, H. (1984) Strain path partitioning within thrust
sheets: microstructural and petrofabric evidence from the Moine Thrust zone
at Loch Eriboll, northwest Scotland. Jou. Stru. Geol. v.6, pp.477-497.
Estelar
196
LAW, R.D., MILLER, E.L., LITTLE, T.A. and LEE, J. (1994) Extensional origin of
ductile fabrics in the Schist Velt, Central Brooks Range, Alaska - II.
Microstructural and petrofabric evidence. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.16 (7), pp.919-
940.
LE FORT, P. (1975) Himalayas: The collided range: Present knowledge of the
continental arc. Am. Jour. Sci., 275-A, pp.1–44.
LISLE, R.J. (1977) Estimation of tectonic strain ratio from mean shape of
deformed elliptical markers. Geologie en Minjbow. v. 56, pp.140–144.
LISTER, G.S. (1977) Cross-girdle c-axis fabric in quartzites plastically deformed by
plane strain and progressive simple shear. Tectonophysics, v.1, pp.51– 54.
LISTER, G.S. and HOBBS, B.E. (1980) The simulation of fabric development during
plastic deformation and its application to quartzite: the influence of
deformation history. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.2, pp.355-370.
LISTER, G.S. and PATERSON, M.S. (1979) The simulation of fabric development
during plastic deformation and its application to quartzite: fabric transitions.
Jour. Stru. Geol., v.1, pp.99-115.
LISTER, G.S. and PRICE, G.P. (1978) Fabric development in quartz-feldspar
mylonite. Tectonophysics, v.49, pp.37-78.
LISTER, G.S. and SNOKE, A.W. (1984) S-C mylonite. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.6, pp.617-
638.
LISTER, G.S. and WILLIAMS, P.F. (1979) Fabric development in shear zones,
theoretical controls and observed phenomena. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.1,
pp.283– 297.
LOWRIE, W. (1990). Identification of ferromagnetic minerals in a rock by coercivity
and unblocking temperature properties. Geophy. Res. Lett., v.17, pp.159-
162.
MAINPRICE, D., BOUCHES, J.L. and BLUMENFELD, P. (1986) Dominant c slip in
naturally deformed quartz: Implications for dramatic plastic softening at high
temperature. Geology, v.14, pp.819-822.
Estelar
197
MAJUMDER, S. and MAMTANI, M.A. (2009) Magnetic fabric in the Malanjkhand
Granite (Central India)- Impliacations for regional tectonics and Proterozoic
Suturing of Indian shield. Physics Earth Planet. Interiors, v.172, pp.310-323.
MAMTANI, M.A. and GREILING, R.O. (2005) Granite emplacement and its relation
with regional deformation in the Aravalli Mountain Belt (India)- inferences
from magnetic fabric. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.27, pp.2008-2029.
MAMTANI, M.A. and SENGUPTA, A. (2009) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
analysis of deformed kaolinite: implications for evaluating landslides. Int.
Jour. Earth Sci., v.98, pp.1721-1725.
MAMTANI, M.A. and SENGUPTA, A. (2010) Significance of AMS analysis in
evaluating superposed folds in quartzites. Geol. Mag., v.147, pp.910-918.
MAMTANI, M.A. and VISHNU, C. S. (2011) Does AMS data from micaceous
quartzite provide information about shape of the strain ellipsoid? Int. Jour.
Earth Sci. (Geol Rundsch) DOI 10.1007/s00531-011-0688-5.
MANCKTELOW, N.S. (1987) Quartz textures from the Simplon Fault Zone,
southwest Switzerland and north Italy. Tectonophysics, v.135. pp.133-153.
MATTE, P., MATTAUER, M., OLIVET, J.M. and GRIOT, D.A. (1997) Continental
subductions beneath Tibet and the Himalayan orogeny: a review. Terra
Nova, v.9 (5/6), pp. 264-270.
MEHDI, S.H., KUMAR, G. and PRAKASH, G. (1972) Tectonic evolution of Eastern
Kumaun Himalaya—a new approach. Him. Geol. v.2, pp.81–501.
MEHTA, P.N. (1971) Some observations on the Tons Thrust, and their tectonic
significance. Ind. Minerals. v.25, pp.66-68.
MELDICOTT, H. B. (1864) On the geological structure and relation of the
Himalayan ranges between the rivers Ganges and Ravee. Mem. Geol. Surv.
India, v.3(2), pp.102.
MENEGON, L., PENNACCHIONI, G., HEIBRONNER, R. and PITTARELLO, L. (2008)
Evolution of quartz microstructure and c-axis crystallographic preferred
orientation within ductilely deformed granitoids (Arolla unit, Western Alps).
Jour. Stru. Geol., v.30, pp.1332- 1347.
Estelar
198
MERH, S.S. (1968) A preliminary note on the structural history of Kumaun
Himalaya. Bull. Geol. Soc. India, v.5, pp.1–7.
MIDDLEMISS, C.S. (1885) A fossiliferous series in the Lower Himalaya, Garwhal:
Records of the Geol. Sur. India, v.18, pp.73–77.
MIDDLEMISS, C. S. (1887) Physical geology of the West British Garhwal; with
notes on a route traverse through Jaunsar Bawar and Tehri–Garhwal; Rec.
Geol. Surv. India, v.20, pp.26–40.
MILLER, R.B., PATERSON, S.R., LEBIT, H., ALSLEBEN, H. and LUNEBERG, C. (2006)
Significance of composite lineations in the mid to deep crust: a case study
from North Cascades, Washington. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.28, pp.302-322.
MISRA, R.C. and KUMAR, S. (1973) Geology of the Danya area, District Almora, U.
P. Proc. Ind. National Sci. Acad. v.38, pp.161- 166.
MISRA, R.C., and SHARMA, R.P. (1966a) Metamorphic rocks of Devidhura area,
District Almora, U.P. Bull. Geol. Soc. India, v.3, pp.51-53.
MISRA, R.C. and SHARMA, R.P. (1966b) Albite rims in granitic rocks of the
Devidhura area. District Almora, U.P. Bull. Geol. Soc. India, v.3, pp.51-53.
MISRA, R.C. and SHARMA, R.P. (1967) Geology of the Devidhura area, Almora,
U.P. Jour. Geol. Soci. India, v.8, pp.110–118.
MISRA, R.C. and SHARMA, R.P. (1972) Structure of Almora Crystalline, Lesser
Kumaun Himal- aya. An interpretation. Him. Geol., V.2, PP.330-341.
MOLNAR, P., CHEN, W. P., FITCH, T.J., TAPPONNIER, P., WARSI, W.E.K. and WU,
F.T. (1977) Structure and tectonics of the Himalaya: a brief summary of
relevant geophysical observations. In Himalaya: Sciences de la Terre,
pp.267-294. Paris: Ed. Cent. Natl. Rech. Sci.
MOLNAR, P. and TAPPONNIER, P. (1975) Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a
continental collision. Science, v.189, pp.419-426.
MUKHERJI, M.A., CHAUDHURI, A.K. and MAMTANI, M.A. (2004) Regional scale
strain variations in Banded Iron Formations of eastern India: results from
anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.26,
pp.2175-2189.
Estelar
199
MUKHOPADHYAY, D., GHOSH, A.K. and BHATTACHARYYA, S. (1975) A reassessment
of the structure of the Singhbhum shear zone. Bull.Geol. Mining and Metall.
Soci. India, v.48, pp.4967.
MURTHY, M.V.N. (1970) Tectonics and mafic igneous activity in northeast India in
relation to the Upper Mantle. Proc. 2nd Symp. Upper Mantle Project, Natl.
Geophys. Res. Inst., Hyderabad, pp. 287-304.
NAHA, K. (1965) Metamorphism in relation to stratigraphy, structure and
movements in parts of east Singhbhum, Eastern India. Quarterly Jour. Geol.
Mining and Metall. Soci. India, v.37, pp.41-88.
NAKAMURA, N. and BORRADAILE, G.J. (2004) Metamorphic control of magnetic
susceptibility and magnetic fabrics: a 3-D projection. Geol. Soc. London,
Spec. Pub., v.38, pp.61-68.
NAKAMURA, N. and NAGAHAMA, H. (1997) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
and plastic strain of rocks:A Finsler geometrical approach. Acta Geophysica
Polonica, v.45, pp.333–54.
NAKAMURA, N. and NAGAHAMA, H. (2001) Changes in magnetic and fractal
properties of fractured granites near the Nojima Fault, Japan. The Island
Arc, v.10, pp.486-494.
NAKATA, T. (1986) Active fault in the Himalayan ranges and their tectonic
significance. In: P.S. Saklani (Ed.), Current trends in geology Vol IX
Himalayan Thrust and Associated Rocks. Today and Tomorrow
Publications, New Delhi., v.9, pp.203-208.
NAKATA, T. (1989) Active faults of the Himalaya of India and Nepal. Spec. Pap. -
Geol. Soc. Am. v.232, pp.243– 264.
NANDY, D.R. (1973) Geology and structural lineaments of the Lohit Himalaya
(Arunachal Pradesh) and adjoining areas. Proc. Sem. Geodyn. Himalayan
Region, Natl. Geophys. Res. Inst., Hyderabad, pp.167-172.
NI, J. and BARAZANGI, M. (1984) Seismotectonics of the Himalayan collision zone:
Geometry of the underthrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya, Jou.
Geophys. Res., v.89, pp.1147-1163.
Estelar
200
NICOLAS, A., BOUCHEZ, J.L., BLAISE, J. and POIRIER, J.P. (1977) Geological
aspects of deformation in continental shear zones. Tectonophysics, v.42,
pp.55– 73.
NICOLAS, A., BOUCHEZ, J.L., BOUDIER, F. and MERCIEr, J.C. (1971) Textures,
structures and fabrics due to solid state flow in some European lherzolites.
Tectonophysics v.12, pp.55–85.
NICOLAS, A. and POIRIER, J.P. (1976) Crystalline Plasticity and Solid State Flow in
Metamorphic Rocks. John Wiley and Sons, London.
OKUDAIRA, T., TAKESHITA, T., HARA, I. and ANDO, J. (1995) A new estimate of the
conditions for transition from basal to prism (c) slip in naturally deformed
quartz. Tectonophysics, v.250, pp.31-46.
OLDHAM, R.D. (1888) Some notes on the Geology of Nortwest Himalayas.
Records Geological Survey of India, v.21, pp.149-157.
OWENS, W. H. (1974) Mathematical model studies on factors affecting the
magnetic anisotropy of deformed rocks. Tectonophysics, v.24, pp.115-31.
OZIMA, M. and KINOSHITA, H. (1964) Magnetic anisotropy of andesites in a fault
zone. Jour. Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity. v.16, pp.194–200.
PANT, C.C. and PAUL, A. (2007) Recent Trends in Seismicity of Uttarakhand.
Geol. Soc. India, v.70, pp.619-626.
PANT, P.D., CHAUHAN RITU and BHAKUNI, S.S. (2011) Development of Transverse
Fault along North Almora Thrust, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, India: a study
based on field and magnetic fabrics, Jour. Geol. Soci. India, JGSI-D-11-
00001R2.
PANT, P.D., KOTHYARI, G.C. and LUIREI, K. (2007) Geological Geomorphic
evidences of neotectonic activity from a part of North Almora Thrust,
between Seraghat – Basoli section in central Kumaun, Uttaranchal, India.
Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.70, pp.815-823.
PASSCHIER, C.W. (1987) Stable positions of rigid objects in non-coaxial flow- a
study in vorticity analysis. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.9, pp.679-690.
PASSCHIER, C.W. (1998) Monoclinic model shear zones. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.20,
pp.1121–37.
Estelar
201
PASSCHIER, C.W. and TROUW, R.A.J. (1996) Microtectonics.- Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg.
PATERSON, M.S. and WEISS, L.E. (1961) Symmetry concepts in structural analysis
of deformed rocks. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. v.72, pp.841-882.
PAUL, A., BHAKUNI, S.S., PANT, C.C., DARMWAL, G.S. and PATHAK, V. (2010)
Microseismicity in central part of Inner Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: Implication
to active seisotectonics. Him. Geol., v.31, pp.107-115.
PIAZOLO, S. and PASSCHIER, C.W. (2002) Controls on lineation development in
low to medium grade shear zones: a study from Cap de Creus Peninsula,
NE Spain. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.24, pp.25-44.
PILGRIM, G.E. and WEST, W.D. (1928). The Structure and Correlation of the
Shimla Rocks. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, v.53, 140P.
PLATT, J.P. (1986) Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of high-pressure
metamorphic rocks. Geol. Soc. America Bull. v.97, pp.1037–53.
PLATT, J.P. and BEHERMANN, J.H. (1986) Structures and fabrics in a crustal scale
shear zone, Betic Cordillera, S.E. Spain. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.8, pp.15– 34.
POWAR, K.B. (1970) Multiphased mesoscopic folding in the metasediments of
Almora area, Kumaun Himalaya. Pub. Centre Adv. Stud. Geol. Panjab Univ.
Chandigarh. v.7, pp.61-67.
POWAR, K.B., GAIROLA, V.K. and DIXIT, P.C. (1969) Relation between volcanism,
plutonism, regional metamorphism and tectonism in Himalayan orogeny as
related by rocks of a part of Kumaun Himalayas. Pub. Centre Adv. Stud.
Geol. Punjab Univ. Chandigarh, v.6, pp.1-7.
POWELL, C.M. (1986) Continental underplating model for the rise of the Tibetan
plateau. Eart. Planet. Sci. Letters, v.81, pp.79– 94.
POWELL, C.M. and CONAGHAN, P.J. (1973) Plate tectonics and the Himalaya. Eart.
Planet. Sci. Letters, v.20, pp.1– 12.
PRAKASH, G., MEHDI, S.H. and KUMAR, G. (1978) Geology of the Chaukhutia-
Bageshwar area, Almora District, Kumaun Himalaya. Him Geol. v.8, pp.146-
159.
Estelar
202
RAJENDRAN, C.P. and RAJENDRAN, K. (2005) The status of central seismic gap: a
perspective based on the spatial and temporal aspects of the large
Himalayan earthquakes, Tectonophysics, v.395, pp.19– 39.
RALSER, S., HOBBS, B.E. and ORD, A. (1991) Experimental deformation of a
quartz mylonite. Journal of Stru. Geol. v.13 (7), pp.837-850.
RAMKRISHNAN, M. and VAIDYANATHAN, R. (2008) Geology of India (in 2 Volumes),
Geol. Soc. India, Bangalore, 994p.
RAMSAY, J.G. (1967) Folding and fracturing of rocks (New York: McGrow Hills)
568p.
RAMSAY, J.G. and GRAHAM, R.H. (1970) Strain variation in shear belts. Can. Jour.
Earth Sci., v.7, pp.786-813.
RAMSAY, J.G. and HUBER, M.I. (1983) Techniques of Modern Structural Geology,
Strain Analysis, Academic Press, London, v.1, 307p.
RAMSAY, J.G. and HUBER, M.I. (1987) The techniques of modern structural
geology. v.2: Folds and Fractures, 700p.
REMY, J.M. (1972) RBsultats de l’&ude geologique de l’ouest du Nepal
(Himalaya). Analyse structurale et pr&entation d’une carte gbologique. CR.
Acad. Sci., Paris, v.275 (D), pp.2595-2598.
RICHARDS, A., ARGLES, T., HARRIS, N., PARRISH, R., AHMAD, T.,DARBYSHIRE, F.,
and DRAGANITS, E. (2005) Himalayan architecture constrained by isotopic
tracers from clastic sediments: Earth Planet. Sci. Let., v.236, pp.773–796.
ROCHETTE, P. (1988) La susceptibility anisotropie des roches faiblement
magnetiques: originate applications. These, Universite de Grenoble, pp.211.
RODAY, P.P. (2003) Windows 32-Bit Platform Software for plots to display the
finite strain data; Jour. Geol. Soci. India, v.62, pp.36–42.
RUPKE, J. (1974) Stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Kumaun Lesser
Himalaya. Sediment. Geol., v.11, pp.81-256.
SAKLANI, P.S. (1970) Fold patterns in the Krol Nappe formations of the
Pratapnagar area, Garhwal Himalaya. 57th, Ind. Sei. Cong. (Abst.), 208p.
SAKLANI, P.S. (1971) Structure and tectonics of the Pratapnagar area Garhwal
Himalaya. Him. Geol. v.1, pp.75-91.
Estelar
203
SAKLANI, P.S. (1973) Metamorphic petrology of the area south of Mukhem,
Garhwal Himalaya. In: Recent Researches in Geology (Hindustan Pub.
Corp. Delhi), v.1, pp.82-106.
SAKLANI, P.S. (1984) Tectonics of the main Central Thrust Zone, Lesser Garhwal
Himalaya. 27th Int. Geol. Conf., MOSCOW, USSR, III, Sect. 06, v.07,
pp.387-388.
SAKLANI, P.S. and Pande, I.C. (1970) Geology of the Pratapnagar are, Tehri-
Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh. Bull. Ind. Geol. Assoc. v.3, pp.13-18.
SCHMID, S.M. (1994) Textures of geological materials: computer model
predictions versus empirical interpretations based on rock deformation
experiments and field studies. In: H.J. Bunge, S. Siegesmund, W. Skrotzki
and K. Weber (Editors), Textures of Geological Materials. DGM
Informationsgesellschaft, Oberursel, pp.279-302.
SCHMID, S.M. and CASEY, M. (1986) Complete fabric analysis of some commonly
observed quartz c-axis patterns. Geophy. Monographs, v.36, pp.263-286.
SCHMID, S.M. and STARKEY, J. (1981) An illustration of the advantages of a
complete texture analysis described by the orientation distribution function
(ODF) using quartz pole figure data. Tectonophysics, v.78, pp.101-117.
SCHWAN, W. (1980) Shortening structures in the eastern and northwestern
Himalayan rocks; (ed) P.S. Saklani (Current trends in Geology), v.3, pp.1-
78.
SEEBER, L. and ARMBRUSTER, J. (1981) Great detachment earthquakes along the
Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. In: Simpson, D.W., Richards, P.G.
(Eds.), Earthquake Prediction-An International Review, Maurice Ewing
Series, Am. Geophys. Union, v.4, pp.259– 277.
SEEBER, L. and ARMBRUSTER, J. (1984) Some elements of continental subduction
along the Himalayan front, Tectonophysics. v.105, pp.263-278,
SEEBER, L., QUITTMEYER, R. and ARMBRUSTER, J. (1979) Seismotectonics of
Pakistan: A review of results from network data and importance for the
central Himalaya, in Stru. Geol. Him., edited by P.S. Saklani, pp.361-392,
Today's and Tomorrow's Publishers, New Delhi, India,
Estelar
204
SEN, K., MAJUMDER, S. and MAMTANI, M.A. (2005) Degree of magnetic anisotropy
as a strain intensity gauge in ferromagnetic granites. Jour. Geol. Soci.
London, v.162, pp.583-586.
SEN, K and MAMTANI, M.A. (2006) Magnetic fabric, shape preferred orientation
and regional strain in granitic rocks. Jour. Stru. Geol, v.28, pp.1870-1882.
SENGUPTA, S. and GHOSH, S.K. (1997) The kinematic history of the Singhbhum
Shear Zone. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Eart. Planet. Sci.)
v.106, pp.185-196.
SENGUPTA, S., GHOSH, S.K. (2004) Analysis of transpressional deformation from
geometrical evolution of mesoscopic structures from Phulad shear zone,
Rajasthan, India. Jour. Stru. Geol., V. 26, PP. 1961-1976.
SENGUPTA, S. and GHOSH, S.K. (2007) Origin of striping lineation and
transposition of linear structures in shear zones. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.29,
pp.273-287
SEXENA, S.P. and RAO, P.N. (1975) Does Almora Nappe exists ? Him. Geol. v.5,
pp.169-184.
SHARMA, R., RAWAT, R. and LAW, R. (2011) Carbon isotopic evidence for the
origin of Himalayan graphite from Almora crystallines. Curr. Sci., v.100,
pp.25.
SIDMAN, D., FERRE, E.C., TEYSSIER, C. and JAKSON, M. (2005) Magnetic fabric
and microstructure of a mylonite: example from the Bitterroot Shear zone,
Western Montana. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Pub., v.245, pp.143-163.
SIMPSON, C. (1983) Strain and shape fabric variation associated with ductile
shear zones. Jour. Stru.. Geol., v.5, pp.61-72.
SIMPSON, C. (1985) Deformation of granitic rocks across the brittle–ductile
transition. Jour. Stru.. Geol., v.7, pp.503-511.
SIMPSON, C. and DE PAOR, D.G. (1993) Strain and kinematic analysis in general
shear zones. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.15, pp.1–20.
SIMPSON, C., SCHMID, S. M. (1983) An evolution of criteria to determine the sense
of movement in sheared rocks. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., v.94, pp.1281-1288.
Estelar
205
SRIKANTIA, S.V. (1988) Himalayan thrusts and structural belts. Jour. Geol. Soc.
India, v.31, pp.210-229.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. (1995) Two dimensional strain estimation from weakly
deformed rocks. Annales Tectonicae IX, pp.3–6.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. (2004) Finite strain and deformation from a refolded region of
the Dudatoli- Almora Crystalline, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. Jour. Asian
Eart. Sci., v.24, pp.115–125.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. (2009) Strain estimation from the fabrics of deformed rocks.
Curr. Sci. v.97, p.25.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. and GAIROLA, V.K. (1990) Structure and deformation history of
Dudatoli Crystallines in the Inner Lesser Himalaya around Srinagar, District
Pauri Garhwal, U.P.; Jour. Him. Geol. v.1, pp.175-187.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B., SINHA, L. K. and KATIYAR, V. (2011) Mesoscopic structures
from the area around Satengal, Lesser Garhwal Himalaya. Jour. Sci. Res.
BHU, Varanasi, v.55, pp.25-34.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. and THOMAS, T. (1999) Structure and deformation history of a
part of Dudatoli crystallines around Tamadhun, District, Almora. Bulletin of
Indian Geologist’s Association, v.32 (2), pp.1–14.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. and TRIPATHY, N.R. (2005) Shear zone structures from the Main
Central Thrust Zone of the Joshimath area Garhwal Himalaya. In: A.R.
Bhattacharya, and K. K. Agarwal (Eds.), Himalayan Orogen Foreland
Interaction. Pal. Soc. India, Spec. Publ., no.2, pp.53-64.
SRIVASTAVA, H.B. and TRIPATHY, N.R. (2007) Geometric analysis of mesoscopic
shear zones in the crystalline rocks of MCT Zone of Garhwal Higher
Himalaya. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.30, pp.599-612.
SRIVASTAVA, H.N. (1973) The crustal seismicity and the nature of faulting near
India-Nepal-Tibet tri-junction. Him. Geol., v.3, pp.381-393.
SRIVASTAVA, P. (1992) Stratigraphy, deep structure, and structural evolution of the
Kumaon and Garhwal Himalaya (India). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
University of Rochester, New York.
Estelar
206
SRIVASTAVA, P. and MITRA, G. (1994) Thrust geometries and deep structure of the
outer and lesser Himalaya, Kumaun and Garhwal (India): implications for
evolution of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonics, v.13, pp.89-109.
SRIVASTAVA, P. and MITRA, G. (1996) Deformational mechanism and inverted
thermal profile in the North Almora Thrust mylonite zone, Kumaun Lesser
Himalaya, India. Jour. Stru. Geol., v.18, pp. 27-39.
STRACHEY, J. (1851) on the physical geography of provinces Kumaun and
Garhwal in the Himalaya mountain and adjoining part of Tibet, Jour. Royal
Geogr. Soc., v.21, pp.57-85.
STIPP, M., STUNITZ, H., HEILBRONNER, R. and SCHMID, S.M. (2002) The eastern
Tonale fault zone: a “natural laboratory” for crystal plastic deformation of
quartz over a temperature range from 250 oC to 700 oC. Jour. Stru. Geol.,
v.24, pp.1861-1884.
STUNITZ, H. (1991) Folding and shear deformation in quartzites, inferred from
crystallogra- phic preferred orientation and shape fabric. Jour. Stru. Geol.,
v.13, pp.71-86.
TAKESHITA, T. (1996) Estimate of physical conditions for deformation based on c-
axis transitions in naturally deformed quartzite. Jour. Geol. Soci. Japan,
v.102, pp.211-222.
TARLING, D.H. and HROUDA, F. (1993) The magnetic anisotropy of rocks.
Chapman and Hall, London, 271p.
THAKUR, V.C. (1992) Geology of Western Himalaya. Pergamon Press, Oxford,
PP. 363.
THAKUR, V.C. (1995) Geology of Dun Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, neotectonics and
coeval deposition with fault-propagation folds. Jour. Him. Geol., v.6, pp.1-8.
THAKUR, V.C. (2004) Active tectonics of Himalayan Frontal Thrust and Seismic
Hazard to Ganga Plain. Curr. Sci., v.86, pp.1554-1560.
THAKUR, V.C. and KUMAR, S. (2002) Seismotectonics of Chamoli Earthquake of
March 29, 1999 and Earthquake Hazards Assessment of Garhwal-Kumaun
region, NW Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, v.23, pp.113-119.
Estelar
207
TIWARI, A.N. (2000) Structural and Metamorphic evolution of Almora Nappe along
Chhara–Someshwar Transect Kumaun Himalaya. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
Banaras Hindu University, 142 p.
TRIPATHY, N.R., SRIVASTAVA, H.B. and MAMTANI, M.A. (2009) Evolution of a
regional strain gradient in mylonitic quartzities from the foot wall of the main
central thrust zone (Garhwal himalya, India): Inferences from finite strain
and AMS analysis. Jour. Asian Eart. Sci., v.34, pp.26-37.
TRIVEDI, J.R., GOPALAN, K. and VALDIYA, K.S. (1984) Rb–Sr ages of granites
within the Lesser Himalayan Nappes, Kumaun Himalaya. Jour. Geol. Soc.
India, v.25, pp.641–654.
TULLIS, J. (1977) Preferred orientation of quartz produced by slip during strain;
Tectonophysics, v.39, pp.87-102.
TULLIS, J., CHRISTIE, J. M. and GRIGGS, D.T. (1973) Microstructure and preferred
orientation of experimentally deformed quartzite: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.
v.84, pp.297-314.
TWISS, ROBERT J. and MOORES, Eldridge M. (1992) Structural Geology W. H.
Freeman and Company, 1992, pp 103 and 113.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1962a) A study of the Champawat granodiorite and associated
metamorphism of the Lohaghat Sub. Division Almora, U.P. India,
Mineralogist, v.3, pp.6-37.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1962b) An outline of the stratigraphy and structure of the southern
part of the Pithoragarh District, U.P. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.3, pp.27-48.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1973a) Lithological subdivision and tectonics of the “Central
Crystalline Zone” of Kumaun Himalaya, (Abstract). Proc. Sem. Geodyn.
Himalayan Region, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hydrabad.
pp.204-205.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1975a) Himalaya, the restless giant. Sci. Today, v.9(10), pp.11-18.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1976a) Himalayan transverse faults and folds and their parallelism
with subsurface structures of North Indian plains. Tectonophysics, v.32,
pp.353-386.
Estelar
208
VALDIYA, K.S. (1976b) Structural set-up of the Kumaun Lesser Himalya. In:
Himalaya (Proc. Intern. Colloqium on Geology and Ecology of Himalaya),
v.268, pp.235–286.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1980a) The two intracrustal boundary thrusts of the Himalaya,
Tectonophysics, v.66, pp.323-348.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1980b) Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya. WIHG, Dehradun,
291P.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1981) The tectonic of the central sector of the Himalaya. In: F. N.
Delany and H. K. Gupta (Ed), Zagos Hindkush-Himalaya-Geodynamic
evolution, Amer. Geophy. Union, Washington, pp.87-100.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1987) Trans-Himadri Fault and domal upwarps immediately south
of the collision zone: Tectonic implication, Curr. Sci., v.56, pp.200-209.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1988) Tectonics and evolution of the central sector of the
Himalaya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A-326,
151–175p.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1992) The Main Boundary Thrust Zone of Himalaya, India. Ann.
Tectonicae, v.6, pp.54-84.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1995) Proterozoic sedimentation and Pan- African geodynamic
development in the Himalaya: Precam. Res, v.74, pp.35–55, doi:
10.1016/0301-9268(95)00004-O.
VALDIYA, K.S. (1998) Dynamic Himalaya. University Press, Hyderabad, 178p.
VALDIYA, K.S. (2001) Reactivation of terrane-defining boundary thrusts in central
sector of Himalaya: implications. Curr. Sci. v.81, pp.101– 114.
VALDIYA K. S. (2003) Reactivation of Himalayan frontal fault: Implication. Curr.
Sci, v.85 pp.1031-1040.
VALDIYA, K. S. (2010) The Making of India: Geodynamic Evolution, Macmillan,
New Delhi, 816 p.
VALDIYA, K.S. and GUPTA, V.J. (1972) A contribution to the geology of the Tethys
Himalaya in northeastern Kumaun, with special reference to the Hercynian
gap. Him. Geol. v.2, pp.1-34.
Estelar
209
VALDIYA, K.S. and KOTLIA B.S. (2001) Fluvial Geomorphic Evidence of Late
Quaternary Reactivation of a synclinally Folded Nappe in Kumaun Lesser
Himalaya, Jour. Geol.Soc. India, v.58, pp.303-317.
VALDIYA7, K.S., PAUL, S.K., CHANDRA, T., BHAKUNI, S.S. and UPADHYAY, R.C.
(1999) Tectonic and lithological characterization of Himadri (Great
Himalaya) between Kali and Yamuna rivers, Central Himalaya. Him. Geol,
v.20, pp.1-17.
VERNON, R.H. (2004) A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
VIRDI, N.S., THAKUR, V.C. and KUMAR, S. (1977) Blue schist facies metamorphism
in the Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh and its significance, Him. Geol., v.7,
pp.479-487.
VISHNU, C.S., MAMTANI, M.A. and BASU, A. (2010) AMS, ultrasonic P-wave
velocity and rock strength analysis in quartzite devoid of mesoscopic
foliation- implications for rock mechanics studies. Tectonophysics, v.494,
pp.191-200.
WAKEFIELD, (1977) Mylonitization in the Lethakane shear zone, eastern
Botswana. Geol. Soci. London, v.133, pp.263-275.
WALLIS, S.R. (1995) Vorticity analysis and recognition of ductile extension in the
Sambagawa belt, SW Japan. Jour. Stru. Geol. v.17, pp.1077– 1093.
WENK, H.R., CANOVA, G., MOLINARI, A. and COCKS, U.F. (1989) Viscoplastic
modelling of texture development in quartzite. Jour. Geophy. Res., v.94,
pp.17895-17906.
WHITE, S.H., BURROWS, S.E., CARRERAS, J., SHAW, N. D. and HUMPHREYS, F. J.
(1980). On mylonites in ductile shear zones. In: CARRERAS, J., COBBOLD, P.
R., RAMSAY, J. G. and WHITE, S. H. (eds) Shear Zones in Rocks. Oxford:
Pergamon Press, pp.175-187.
WILLIAMS, P.F. and JIANG, D. (1999) Rotating garnets. Jour. Meta. Geol., v.17,
pp.367-378.
WILSON, C.J.L. (1975). Preferred orientation in quartz ribbon mylonites: Geol.
Soc. Amer. Bulf, v.86, pp.35-38 b.
Estelar
210
XYPOLIAS, P. and DOUTSOS, T. (2000) Kinematics of rock flow in a crustal-scale
shear zone: implication for the orogenic evolution of the southwestern
Hellenides. Geol. Mag. v.137, pp. 81–96.
XYPOLIAS, P. and KOUKOUVELAS, I.K. (2001) Kinematic vorticity and strain rate
patterns associated with ductile extrusion in the Chelmos Shear Zone
(External Hellenides, Greece). Tectonophysics, v.338, pp.59–77.
YEATS, R.S. and THAKUR, V.C. (1998). Reassessment of earthquake hazard
based on a fault-bend fold model of the Himalayan plateboundary fault.
Curr. Sci. v.74, pp.230– 233.
YIN, A. (2006) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as
constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation
history, and foreland sedimentation: Earth-Science Reviews, v.76, pp.1–
131, doi: 10.1016/j
YIN, A., DUBEY, C.S., KELTY, T.K., WEBB, A.A.G., HARRISON. T.M., CHOU, C.Y. and
CÉLÉRIER, J. (2010) Geologic Correlation of the Himalayan Orogen and
Indian Craton (part 2): Structural Geology, Geochronology and Tectonic
Evolution of the Eastern Himalaya. Geol. America Bull. v.122; pp.360–395;
doi: 10.1130/B26461.
YIN, A. and HARRISON, T.M. (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan
orogen: Annual Review of Eart. Planet. Sci., v.28, pp.211–280.
Zingg, Th. (1935) Beitrage Zur Schotteranatyse; Min. Petrog. Mitt. Schweiz. v.15
pp.35–140.
Estelar
Recommended