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Learning from Existing LiteratureChapter 6:

ASRes1: Research in Daily Life 1

Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) Strand

Mr. Migo M. Mendoza

Chapter 6: Learning from Existing Literature

Lecture 6.1: Practicing Intellectual Honesty

Lecture 6.2: Citing Related Literature

Practicing Intellectual HonestyLecture 6.1:

Mr. Migo M. Mendoza

ParaphrasingOne of the most common strategies

used to avoid plagiarism is by paraphrasing or conveying another author’s message using your own

words (Vineski, 2016).

ParaphrasingThe original idea or essence of the

sentence remains the same although structured differently and

articulated in another way.

Did you know?You may be guided by the

following steps in paraphrasing a literature (Vineski; Purdue OWL,

2016).

Guideline 1: Paraphrasing a Literature

Read the literature several times until you fully understand

its meaning.

Write your own words how you understood the script without looking at the original work.

Compare your phrasing with the original wording. Ensuring that you capture the key ideas behind the source literature.

“Use quotation marks” for words you used or borrowed

from the original script.

Indicate the source of the idea, including the author, title of the

work, year, even the page number so you can

acknowledge it in your work.

SummarizingSummarizing entails capturing the main ideas of the text, allowing you

to have a “broad overview of the source material” (Driscoll & Brizee,

2013, para.4).

SummarizingIt involves determining the gist of a

literature, focusing your attention to the main idea of the text, and key

concepts and words that support the main idea.

Did you know?You can try some of the tips on the next slides to help you

summarize a text (Jones, 2012, para.7):

First Tip: Summarizing a Text

Underline the main ideas in a paragraph or in a section.

Determine other concepts that support this main idea.

Second Tip: Summarizing a Text

Set the text aside and write a summary of it, providing only

the gist of the literature.

Third Tip: Summarizing a Text

Consider the six basic questions in capturing the key concepts in

the text: “Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How.”

Take Note: In doing so, take note that it is

recommended that you put quotation marks on terms you have adopted from

the source.

Synthesizing Synthesizing involves “combining ideas” from literature and from “prior knowledge” and using these information to “form a new idea, perspective, opinion or insight” (The

Ohio State University, 2016, para.9).

SynthesizingIt involves interacting with the text and determining how they

relate to your existing understanding of the concept.

First Tip: Synthesizing

Consider identifying the key idea behind the

text first.

Second Tip: SynthesizingDetermine how the literature is related

to what you already know, including your past knowledge about the topic and with other studies or reference

materials you have read.

Third Tip: SynthesizingReflect on key insights and

realizations have gained from reading this source.

Using Direct QuotationsAs mentioned, if you borrowed

words or passages from another source, it would be

important that you acknowledge these.

Using Direct QuotationsBelow are some guidelines you

can use in utilizing direct quotations (Stolley, Brizee &

Paiz, 2013, para.4):

Guideline 1: Using Direct Quotations

Indicate the name of the author, year of the resource material and page

number or paragraph number, if the source came from the internet, in the

same line of the direct quotation.

Use quotation marks to indicate these direct quotes from the literature. You can also put the text on its own block, in accordance with the citation style

you want to use.

Use quotes purposefully. Use it for impact in your

research paper.

Adopt only the necessary text. If you only want to highlight a

phrase or a sentence, quote only these and not the whole

paragraph.

Use ellipsis points (…) in shortening a quote and to indicate

that you have removed some words. Just ensure that the

thought of the sentence essentially remains the same.

For example:

“Reyes attributed sickness … as one of the major reasons for student

absenteeism.”

Using Proper Citation

Recognizing the author of the idea or work you were referring to in your

research paper is a practice which you will learn in writing. There are a few

citation guides which you can use.

Citing Related LiteratureLecture 6.2:

Mr. Migo M. Mendoza

Citation•Citation is basically

acknowledging the source of a text, idea or work using a widely

recognized guideline.

Did you know?•Scholars need to have a common language and

manner in reporting where they got their sources. They used citation styles that are broadly accepted

and used. Using these helps other researchers know where the idea, or work came from, allowing them to

check these or utilize these in their own studies.

When to Use Citation•it is encouraged that you use

proper citation for the following (English Club, 2016,

para.2):

When to Use Citation: Direct Quotes

•words, phrases or sentences that you have adopted from a

reference material. You usually use quotation marks for these.

When to Use Citation: Paraphrased Text

•ideas that come from other studies and reference

materials expressed in your own words.

When to Use Citation: Facts and Figures

•numbers, percentages, and statistical data acquired

from other sources.

When to Use Citation: Theories, Methods, and Ideas

•other scholars’ idea or work mentioned in your

own study.

When to Use Citation: Images, Graphs and Illustrations

•images, diagrams acquired from other

sources.

When Not to Use Citation

•On the other hand, there are also some information which do not require citation. These include (EnglishClub, 2016, para.10):

When Not to Use Citation: Common Knowledge

•information that is widely well-known by the general

population.

When Not to Use Citation: Historical Dates

•similarly, these information are publicly

known.

When Not to Use Citation: A Well-Known Argument or Theory

•these are concepts that are generally

talked about

When Not to Use Citation: A Universal Proverb

•saying that are familiar to most

people.

Citation Styles(1) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

(APA);(2) Chicago Manual of Style; and

(3) Modern Language Association (MLA)

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)

• It is frequently utilized by those from the field of

education and psychology (Creswell, 2014, p.24).

Chicago Manual of Style

•It is citation style use in the social

sciences.

APA Style Guide

• Here are some of the general rules on the APA

style guide (Paiz et al., 2016, 2014b).

General Guidelines

• Type-written• Use double space

• Use the standard paper size (8.5”x11”)• Have 1 inch margins on all sides

• Times New Roman with 12 font size is recommended

Major Sections

• Has four major sections:(1) Title Page;(2) Abstract;

(3) Main Body; and(4) References.

Title Page

• Must show the title of the paper, name of the author and institutional affiliation in this order per line

• These information are centered

Short Quotations

• Indicate the author, year and page number or paragraph

number• Use quotation marks

Example Number 1:

• According to Reyes (2016, p.1), “Research is a methodological

process.”

Example Number 2:

• She heightened that “research is a methodological process”

(Reyes, 2016, p.1).

Long Quotations

• Used for quotes with 40 words or more

• Place in a text block: begin in a new line, must be 0.5 inch indented

from the left margin

Example Number 1:• Reyes (2016, p.1) highlighted the following:

• The choice of a research topic is one of the crucial decisions of aresearcher. One has to consider several aspects such as one’spersonal interests and curiosities, one’s skills in conductingresearch, access to research sites and possible researchparticipants, and practical considerations such as time andresources.

Paraphrase or Summary

• Indicate the author and year

Example Number 1:

•According to Reyes (2016), research entails a rigorous procedure.

Example Number 2:

•Research entails a rigorous procedure

(Reyes, 2016).

How to Do In-Text Citations and Reference List

In-text Citation Reference List

One Author

Example 1:

Reyes (2016)

highlighted…

Example 2:

…rigorous procedure

(Reyes, 2016).

General Guide:

Author, A. A. (Year of

Publication). Title of

work: Subtitle of

work. Location:

Publisher.

Two Authors

Example 1:

Reyes and Santos (2016)

highlighted…

Example 2:

(Reyes & Reyes, 2016).

General Guide:

Author, A. A., & Author,

B. B. (Year of

work: Subtitle of

work. Location:

Publisher.

Three to Five Authors

Example 1:

Reyes, Santos and Tan (2016)

proposed…

Example 2:

…rigorous procedure (Reyes,

Santos & Tan 2016).

In succeeding citations:

…process (Reyes et al. 2016).

General Guide:

Author, A. A., Author,

B. B., & Author C. C.

(Year of Publication).

Title of work: Subtitle

of work. Location:

Publisher.

Six or More Authors

Example 1:

Reyes et al. (2016) proposed…

Example 2:

…rigorous procedure (Reyes

et al. 2016).

General Guide:

Author, A. A., Author,

B. B., Author, C. C.,

Author, D. D., Author, E.

E., & Author, F. F.,

of work. Location:

Publisher.

Unknown Author

Example 1: Use the title

of the work

(Research Guide, 2016).

General guide using the

title:

Short version of the title.

of work. Location:

Publisher.

Unknown Author

Example 2: Anonymous

Author

(Anonymous, 2016).

General guide for

anonymous author:

Anonymous. (Year of

Publication).

of work. Location:

Publisher.

Organization

Example 2: Use the title

of the work

…of the population

(Philippine Statistics

Authority [PSA], 2016).

In succeeding citations:

…population (PSA,

General guide:

Name of the

Organization. (Year

of Publication).

of work. Location:

Publisher.

Two Works

Example:

(Reyes, 2016; Tan,

2015).

•Include both authors in the

reference list

•Arrange alphabetically

Publication). Title of work:

Subtitle of work. Location:

Publisher.

Author, B. B. (Year of

Publication). Title of work:

Subtitle of work. Location:

Publisher.

Journal Article,

Newspaper or Magazine

(Print)

Follow the previous in-

text citations examples

depending on the

number of authors

•General Guide:

article. Title of journal or

newspaper or magazine,

volume number (issue

number), pages.

Encyclopedia

Example:

…social science

(Encyclopedia Name,

2015).

•General Guide:

encyclopedia entry. In

Encyclopedia Name.

(Volume number, pages).

Location: Publisher.

Unpublished Dissertation

•General Guide:

dissertation. (Unpublished

doctoral dissertation).

Name of Institution,

Location.

Conference Proceedings

depending on the

number of authors

•General Guide:

Author, A. A., & Author, B.

B. (Eds.). (Year of

Publication). Proceedings

from Conference

Abbreviation: Name of

Conference. Location:

Publisher.

Online Journal

depending on the

number of authors

•General Guide with DOI:

article. Title of journal,

volume number, page

range. doi: 00000 or

http://dx.doi.org/00000

Online Journal

depending on the

number of authors

•General Guide without DOI:

article. Title of journal,

volume number. Retrieved

from URL

Electronic Book

depending on the

number of authors

e-book. Retrieved

from URL

Online Periodical

depending on the

number of authors

article. Title of online

periodical, volume

number (issue number if

available). Retrieved from

Creating Reference ListResearch Mates Activity 10:

Mr. Migo M. Mendoza

Instruction:•Now, go back to your own research paper. Ask

advice from your teacher on the preferred citation style in writing your research paper. Then, review

your review of related literature and background of the study. Apply the proper citation. Be guided by the

guidelines presented above.

Please Be Guided:•Use this template. Encode the interview guide and observation protocol for your study (Font: Times New Roman; Font Size: 12, Double Space) on

the box below and print it and submit it to your teacher. Also, send the word format of it for

critiquing purposes to jay-r_mendoza@dlsu.edu.phor migo.mendoza@lsca.edu.ph on March 17, 2017.

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