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9
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review
To support the discussion and analysis of the study, some theses on
preposition and translation equivalence that have been done by some previous
scholars and also an article of journal with related topic are worth reviewing on
this study. Some of them are considered to have a relationship and their own
significance to the object of this study.
Laba (2007) did a similar study on prepositional phrase and translation
equivalence in his thesis entitled “An Equivalence Analysis of English Locative
Prepositional Phrase In Indonesian”. In his study he discusses about the types of
lexical and syntactical forms of English locative prepositional phrases found in
Indonesian and also the types of procedures, shifts, and the principles of
translation. The findings of his analysis show that in order to get the closest
natural equivalence in doing the translation job, the translator has to take into
account the different translation procedure, shift, and also the principle of
translation such as loss, gain and skewing of information. They are all
unavoidable in the process of translation. His study is similarly related to this
study in terms of the process of translation discussion, but the difference lies on
the type of object of the study, namely the previous one is the prepositional
9
10
phrases with the prepositions at, in, and on, while this current one is that of by,
with, and without. So his study gives a significant contribution to support the
discussion and analysis of this current study.
Apart from the above previous study, a similar study on preposition and
translation equivalence conducted by Astajaya (2006) entitled “The Translation of
English Preposition „of” In The Novel Elephants Can Remember Into
Indonesian”. He adopts the theory of translation equivalence suggested by Nida
(1975) to complete his study. The finding of his analysis is the English preposition
translated into Indonesian still keeps challenging. The result shows loss of
information occurs in the translation of English preposition “of”. But the analysis
of translation equivalence into the target language does not involve detailed
arguments why loss of information exists, if it is seen from the readers point of
view. However, it is still related and a great deal of importance to complete this
current study.
The other scholar conducting the translation equivalence is Pastini (2004).
The object of her study is noun phrase. This is described in her thesis entitled
“The Translation Equivalence of Noun Phrase In The Novel Harry Potter And
The Chamber of Secret”. To support her study, she adopts the concept and theory
from Nida (1974) and Catford (1965). In the findings of her study, she states the
principle of loss and gain of information take place in every transfer of source
language into target language. Such a principle of translation is shown through a
shift of translation. But her study does not involve the elaboration and integration
11
of the principle and shift of translation with the translation procedures. Anyway, it
still keeps the relationship and valuable support to this current study for the
discussion and analysis.
The next study entitled “Skewing in English – Indonesian Translation”
was conducted by Sujaya (2003). This study is worth reviewing in terms of
skewing of information for the valuable supporting benefit of this current study.
In his study, he discusses and analyzes four kinds of skewing between
illocutionary force and grammatical forms of interrogative, declarative, negative,
and ironic sentences conveying various functions and meanings. His study is also
very useful to complete the recent study, particularly in interpreting, investigating,
and identifying the skewed prepositional phrases.
For further study, Badrawan (2004) discusses about the translation
strategies or procedures in his thesis entitled “Strategies For Translating English
Relative Clause in Bhagawad Gita into Indonesian”. There are three points
discussed in his problems of study, namely, the types of relative clause found in
the source language, kinds of strategies adopted in translating those relative
clauses from English into Indonesian, and also the relationship between the type
of relative clause and the strategy of translating. The result of his research
discussion and analysis indicates the types of relative clauses that are found in
source language are finite relative clauses with relative pronoun who, which, and
that as subject, with or without relative pronoun who, whom, which, and that as
object, with relative pronoun whose, of which, with antecedent referring to place
12
(where), with antecedent referring to time (when) and non-finite relative clause
(reduced clause) with present participle and past participle. Most of relative
clauses in source language are translated directly into yang in Indonesian as a
target language. Relative pronoun in which (where) is translated into tempat, and
relative pronoun when is translated into ketika. The strategies that are adopted to
translate English relative clause into Indonesian are literal, modulation, and
transposition. Most of the data have good relation between the types of relative
clause and strategies because not all of them have parallel structures. In this case
he states that in order to be able to translate the types of relative clause from the
source language into target language in a proper way, we also need to adopt a
proper strategy to translate them after identifying their own types. So his study is
also very beneficial and related to support this current study.
The article of journal entitled The Problems of Translating Preposition in
Shakespearean “Othello” into Arabic written by Agha and Salih (2007) is aimed
at finding the occurrence of the prepositional phrase both in Englsih and Arabic.
The theory used in the study is theory developed by Nida (1964) which is about
two types of equivalence that are formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence
The study also explains about the function of the prepositional phrase and the
position where the preposition is usually occurs that is relevance to this study.
However, the difference of their study to this study is on the specification of the
prepositional phrase. On their study, it includes all types of prepositional phrase
while this study only focuses on the translation of the prepositional phrase by,
13
with, and without, besides, in their study, the target language is Arabic, they
analyze the English prepositional phrase existing on the Shakespearean “Othello”
with its translation into Arabic by applying Nida‟s formal correspondence and
dynamic equivalence, whereas this study focuses on the translation of
prepositional phrase by, with, and without into Indonesian by applying some
theories. Anyway, it is still related and a great deal of importance to complete this
current study.
2.2 Concepts
To support the analyzed data, several notions or concepts have to be
considered to obtain the understanding the basic or main points in relation to the
topic of this study, its problem, and scope of the study. The concepts are based on
some ideas, statements, or theories having been proposed by some experts in the
field of translation and grammar or linguistics, particularly in the translation
equivalence (procedures, principles, and shifts), of the English prepositional
phrases with prepositions by, with, and without in Indonesian.
2.2.1 Translation
Since there are many theories of translation having been suggested by the
experts, in this study only the theories related to the topic and its problems are
described. To support this study in analyzing the translation equivalence, there are
some definitions of translation quoted from the sources of theories as mentioned
below:
14
Catford (1965:1) states that translation is an operation performed on
language: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. He
further explains that the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by
equivalent textual material in another language (Catford, 1965:20). Along with
such a statement, the term “textual material” underlines the fact that in normal
condition, it is not the whole of a source (SL) text is translated, that is, replaced by
target language (TL) equivalent, at one or more levels of language there may be
simple replacement, by non equivalent target language (TL) material, into target
language (TL) text (Catford, 1965:20-21). The key concept in this definition is
equivalence, which should be natural or in accordance with the context.
Larson (1984:6) in her book entitled „Meaning Based Translation” states
that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language (SL)
into target language (TL). He further says that translation consists of studying the
lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of
the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then
reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure
which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context (Larson,
1984:3). This type of translation maintains the meaning, not the form. There are
two types of translation. The first one is form-based translation and the second is
meaning-based translation. The first type is a form of translation mainly based on
the form of the source language and it usually referred to as literal translation,
while the second one is referred to as idiomatic translation, a type of translation
15
that attempts to make every effort to transform the meaning of the source
language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Larson (1998:4)
simply presents the diagram of the translation process as follows:
Source Language Target Language
The Diagram of Translation Process
Figure 1, Larson (1998:4)
Another perception or theory of translation proposed by Nida also points
out that translating consists in producing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent to the message of the source language, firstly in terms of
meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida, 1975:95). He further sys that in
translating process, meaning must be preserved as the main and the most essential
issue, then the translator must pay attention to the style of the author. The result of
translation must be as close equivalent as possible to the source language and the
same time, the naturalness and author‟s style must be preserved too. In this case,
the stressing on the term closest natural equivalent is made in order that the
equivalent forms should not be strange both in form and the meaning. In other
word, a good translation should not reveal its non-native source.
Text to be translated
Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning
MEANING
Translation
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In line with the above, Bell (1991:13) mentions that the aim of translation
is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the
source language original by finding equivalents in the target language. At the
same time all factual information contained in the original text must be retained in
the translation. In the definition, he has just seen the term “translation is given two
meanings”. He would suggest that there are, in fact, three distinguishable
meanings for the word of first, translating, that is, the process (to translate the
activity rather than the tangible object); second, a translation, that is, the product
of the process of the translating (the translated text); the third, translation, namely,
the abstract concept that encompasses both the process of translating and the
product of the process. In this case it is clear that a translation theory, to be
comprehensive, integral, and beneficial, must attempt to give an illustration both
the process and the product.
2.2.2 Translation Equivalence
Based on the above descriptions, it is understandable that the term
equivalence plays an important role in the translation process. It is frequently
stated that the main problem in translation is to find out the equivalent of the
target language translation form in the source language.
Catford (1965:50) explains the condition for translation equivalence
occurs when SL and TL text or items rarely have the same meaning in the
linguistic sense, but they can function in the same situation. In the total
translation, SL and TL texts or items are translated with their equivalents when
17
they are interchangeable in a given situation. That is why equivalence can nearly
always be established at sentence rank. Since the sentence is the grammatical unit
that most directly related to speech-function within a situation.
In line with this, Bell (1991:6) suggests that a text in different languages
can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent) in respect of
different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of
grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase,
sentence-for-sentence).
Nida in Venuti (2000:134) describes two different types of equivalence,
which might be referred to as formal and dynamic equivalence. Formal
equivalence is basically source oriented; that is, it is designed to reveal as much as
possible of the form and the content of the original message. In doing so, a formal
equivalent translation attempts to reproduce several formal elements including
grammatical units, consistency in word usge, and meanings in terms of the source
context. Seen from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the message in
the target language should match as closed by as possible to the different elements
in the source language. Dynamic equivalence translation is to describe it as “the
closest natural equivalent to the source language text”. This type of definition
contains four important terms: the first, equivalent, which points towards the
source language message; secondly, natural, which points towards receptor
language, the third, closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis
of the highest degree of approximation, and the forth is similarity of response,
18
which points towards the similarity of the response of the reader of TL and SL to
the text.
The concept of translation equivalence as described above by the experts
has to be considered by the translators in doing the translation work. In the
translation equivalence, since there is no exact translation of the target language
text, it brings about a certain problem or consequence in translating that is at first
in terms of translation procedures such as borrowing, calque, literal or word per
word translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, secondly in
terms of translation shifts such as level shift and category shift of structure, class,
unit, and intra-system, and thirdly in terms of the principle of translation such as
loss, gain, and skewing of information. All of them mentioned are unavoidable in
the process of translation.
2.2.3 Preposition
Some authors of grammar or related books have proposed some concepts
or definitions of preposition. Some of them are reciprocally interrelated or
supporting one another. They are described hereunder.
In accordance with Quirk, et.al. (1973), in the most general terms,
a preposition expresses a relation between two entities, one being that represented
by the prepositional complement. Of the various types of relational meaning,
those of PLACE and TIME are the most prominent and easy to identify. Other
relationships such as INSTRUMENT and CAUSE may also be recognized,
19
although it is difficult to describe prepositional meanings systematically in terms
of such labels.
In terms of the categories of preposition, Quirk, et.al. (1985) states that
most of the English prepositions, such as at, for, on, in, by, etc., are simple
prepositions, that is; they consist of one word. Other prepositions such as close to,
along with, in accordance with, etc., consisting of more than one word, are called
complex prepositions. In addition to those prepositions, there are some words,
which behave in many ways like prepositions. This situation gives the category
known as marginal prepositions. There are few words behaving like prepositions,
although they also have affinities with other classes such as verbs or adjectives,
e.g.: Granted his obsequious manner, I still think ambitious enough to do the job.;
Two gold hilted swords, each worth 10,000, were sold at Sothby‟s last Monday.
In line with the above, Swan (1980) points out that it is not easy to learn to
use prepositions correctly. Most of them have different functions and very often
different prepositions have a very similar uses, e.g. at night, in the morning, and
on Sunday morning. On the other matters, many nouns, verbs, and adjectives are
used with particular prepositions, for instance, smile at, check in, congratulation
on, angry at, on a bus, etc.
In accordance with Alwi, et.al (1998:288) in Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa
Indonesia, preposition is used to indicate between the front constituent and the
back constituent. From the syntactical point of view, the preposition occurs in
20
front of adjective, adverb or noun. Then, this group of words constitutes a
prepositional phrase.
Sneddon (1996) in the glossary of Indonesian reference Grammar states
that preposition is a word which links a following noun phrase to the rest of a
clause, telling what the relationship of that noun phrase is to the clause. For
instance, the preposition di „in‟ tells that the following noun kota is the location,
in Mereka tinggal di kota ‟They live in the city‟. He further states that there are
many prepositions apart from the locatives. A number occur in clause adjuncts. A
few of the more common non-locative prepositions are untuk, bagi, guna,buat
„for‟, dengan „with‟, tentang „about‟, „concerning‟, oleh „by‟, sampai „until‟,
seperti „like‟, tanpa „without‟. Some prepositions are complex, including a prefix:
terhadap „towards‟, beserta „together with‟, sesudah, setelah „after‟. Some also
function as verbs, as indicated in parentheses: menurut „according to‟ (follow),
mengenal „about‟, „concerning‟ (affect, concern), lewat „via‟ (pass by). A few
consist of two words: oleh karena „because of‟, „on account of‟, bersama dengan
„together with‟. The forms kepada „to‟ and daripada „than‟ consist of two words
written as one.
Ramlan (1980) in Kata Depan Atau Preposisi dalam Bahasa Indonesia
states that preposition is a particle that functions as marker in the exocentric
phrase. In his research based on the available data, he found there were 115
prepositions in Indonesian.
21
2.2.4 Prepositional Phrase
Halliday (1994) states that a phrase in a grammatical category is a reduced
strain of clause and group is an enlarged strain of word. Functionally, a phrase
plays an important role in a sentence. It constitutes a well complete meaningful
text.
According to Quirk, et.al. (1972:299), a prepositional phrase consists of a
preposition followed by a prepositional complement, which is characteristically
either a noun phrase or a clause (wh-clause or v-ing clause) in a nominal function:
PREPOSITION PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
with certainty
at the bus-stop
from what he said
by signing a peace treaty
Ramlan (1980) says that prepositional phrase is a phrase preceded by
preposition. In a sentence, prepositional phrase tends to occupy the adverbial
function, for instance, ledakan bom atom pertama diperingati di Hiroshima, and
attribute in a nominal phrase, for instance, Barang-barang dari Jepang mengalir
terus ke Indonesia.
22
Along with Ramlan, Sneddon (1996) gives a definition that prepositional
phrase is a construction consisting of preposition followed by a noun phrase, such
as untuk orang itu „for those people‟ and dengan teman saya ‟with my friend‟.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework of this study is based on some theories for the
analysis related to the problems, namely: the theory proposed by Vinay and
Darbelnet (2000) in seven procedures of translation, the theory proposed by Nida
(1975) on loss of information, gain of information, and skewing of information,
and also the theory by Catford (2000) in shifting.
According to Nida (1974), if we talk about equivalence in translation, in a
wider sense we do not have exact equivalence of the target language text. It means
that there is a certain consequence in translating, which could be in terms of seven
procedures of translation, loss, gain, and skewing of information, and shifting.
2.3.1 Procedures of Translation
To get the closest translation equivalence, the theory of Vinay and
Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000: 84-93) on a methodology for translation is adopted.
He proposes seven procedures or strategies of translation namely:
1. Borrowing
Borrowing is usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts.
In translating a term from the source language into the target language, foreign
terms may be used to overcome a gap in terms of meaning. This procedure
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indicates that one language borrows an expression form from another language. It
is done due to the fact that the term of the source language is not found in the
target language. For example: computer is translated into komputer in
Indonesian; Radio into Radio; caravan into karavan
2. Calque
Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression form from another, and then the form is translated literary in terms of
each of its elements. It is divided into two parts, that is; lexical and structural
calque. Lexical calque occurs at the level of syntactic elements, whereas structural
calque takes place at the level of construction of language. This procedure
indicates that one language borrows an expression form from another language,
but each of its elements is then translated literarily, e.g.: Honey moon is
translated into Bulan madu in Indonesian. It is referred to as lexical calque; Bali
Post into Bali Post is referred to as structural calque.
3. Literal or Word per Word Translation
Literal translation is a direct transfer of the source language text
grammatically and idiomatically appropriate in the target language text. In this
matter, the duty of the translator is to stick firmly to the linguistic servitudes of the
target language. This procedure has the meaning that one language is translated
directly into a grammatically appropriate target language text, for instance: I am a
teacher is translated into Saya adalah seorang guru; Kumpul kebo into Buffalo
cohabitation
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4. Transposition
Transposition is a process of translation which involves replacing one
word class with another without changing the message. There are two types of
transposition, namely obligatory transposition and optional transposition.
Obligatory is adopted when the target language has no different choices due to the
language concepts. For instance: a cup of tea is translated into secangkir teh.
Optional transposition is adopted when there is an opportunity to chooce different
language forms to make the product of translation souns more stylistic and
understandable. This procedure indicates that word class from one language is
replced with another without changing the meaning of the message. For example:
a joke is translated into bergurau; No smoking into Dilarang merokok; Kawin
dengan into Marry; As soon as he gets up into Indonesian Begitu ia bangun
5. Modulation
Modulation is a process of translation in which there is a variation of the
form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can
be justified, although literal, even transposed. For example: he is unmarried is
translated into ia masih bujang; He was killed in the war into Ia gugur dalam
perang
6. Equivalence
Equivalence is one of the same situations which can be rendered by two
texts using completely different stylistic and structure methods. For example:
seputih kapas is translated into as white as snow; cock-a-doodle-doodle into
25
kukuruyuk; kill two birds with one stone into sambil menyelam minum air;
Kick the bucket into Mati.
7. Adaptation
Adaptation is the extreme limit of translation which is used in case the
translator has to create a new situation that can be considered equivalence. This
procedure means that a process of translating from one language into another to fit
the message in the target language E.g.: Take a bath is translated into mandi;
Broken heart into Patah hati. Cross-legged into bersila; Dear Sir into dengan
hormat; Your sincerely into hormat kami. So in this situation all the translation
processes are adapted to identify the equivalent in the target language.
2.3.2 Translation Principles
Besides the theory above, to get the equivalent meaning of the source
language, it is worth considering the theory proposed by Nida (1975:27) because
two languages (SLT and TLT) have different characteristics or in other word,
there is no exact equivalence between the source language and target language. He
further argues that there are three conditions applicable as basic principles of
translation. Such basic principles are the loss of information, the addition of
information, and the skewing of information. Those three principles are very
significant to be understood by the translator. In transferring the message from the
source language into the target language, the translator should add or lose or skew
the information in order to have natural translation. And the naturalness of the
translated work can be realized if the target language text is read, the readers feel
26
that it is not like translated text. These three translation principles are described
hereunder:
1. Loss of Information
The translation of items from the source language does not explain the
whole information into the target language. In other word, it is not translated or
transferred into the target language. For instance: She was ill is translated into
Dia sakit (Gender and past tense in SL is not translated. So the translation suffers
from loss of information); The sun rises from the east into Matahari terbit dari
timur (the and present tense are not translated. So it is considered loss of
information); I am broke into Saya kehabisan uang (the colloquial style of SL is
not manifest); She is having a bath into Dia sedang mandi (the idea of
immersing oneself in the water is missing).
2. Gain of information
The translation of items from the source language into the target language
is with the addition of extra information. For example: He was going to Jakarta
is translated into Dia akan pergi ke Jakarta waktu itu. (It may be necessary that
adverb waktu itu should be added); They live together as an unmarried couple
into Mereka kumpul kebo (addition of the translator‟s unfavorable opinion);
Painted white, the house looks bigger into Setelah (karena) dicat putih,
rumah itu kelihatan lebih besar (Setelah or karena are added in accordance with
the context); The students don’t like that old teacher into Para siswa
membenci si guru tua bangka itu (addition of the insulting tone); Dia
27
mahasiswi into She is a university student. In this translation process from
Indonesian into English, there is an addition of information in English verse, in
which the feminine gender (she), verb to be in present tense (is), and an article (a)
are added to make the sense more clearly in the target language.
3. Skewing of Information
The translation of items from the source language into the target language
is not the exact equivalent. It is skewed or distorted or deviated in the target
language. In other word, we can say the message of the source language is
wrongly translated, mostly when it is concerned with idiom, proverb or metaphor.
For instance: Don’t be silly, Darling is translated into Jangan berbuat tolol. In
this process of translation, it is said the skewing of information occurs because
there is no exact equivalent in the target language. The meaning intended is
actually ‘Just for joking’; She made the bed before leaving translated into Dia
membuat tempat tidur sebelum pergi is also skewed. The message of the
source language is wrongly translated. There is no exact equivalent in the target
language. In fact, the intended meaning is ‘She tied up the bed before leaving’.
Other examples: the translation She climbed up a head of us into Dia menginjak
kepala kita is wrong or skewed or distorted. No exact equivalent occurs in the
target language. The intended meaning is actually ‘He went up the road before
us’; and His father passed away last night is translated into Dia lewat minggu
lalu. There is no exact equivalent. The actual intended meaning in the target
language is He died last week. In this example, the process of translation
28
principle is applied by skewing the information in the source language into the
target language Dia lewat minggu lalu.
2.3.3 Translation Shift
Since there are no two languages similar, the shift usually takes place in
the process of translation. It can occur both on the surface of word and structure.
It is supported by a translation theory of shifting which is proposed by Carford in
Venuti (2000:141-147). He stated that there are two shifts namely level shifts and
category shifts.
1. Level Shifts.
By a shift of level means that a source language item at one linguistic level
has a target language translation equivalent at a different level (Catford, 1965:73).
For example: I know it for sure that he has visited his wife last month is
translated into Aku tahu dengan pasti bahwa ia telah mengunjungi istrinya
bulan lalu. In this example, the grammatical item has + v-ed in the source
language is translated into lexicon telah in the target language.
2. Category Shifts
Category shifts are departures from formal correspondence in translation
(Catford, 1965:76). The category shift can be divided into structure shift, class
shift, unit shifts and intra-system shifts.
29
A. Structure Shifts.
Structure shifts are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks
in translation. In grammar, structure shifts can occur at all ranks. Structure is an
arrangement of elements. The elements of structure of English are subject,
predicator, complement and adjunct (Catford, 1965:6).
There are two categories used to determine certain shifts into the structure
shifts. First, the source language and the target language should have formal
correspondence. If both the source language and the target language have different
elements in structure, it means that there is structure shift between the two
languages. For Example:
SL: Mr. Ali is a teacher. TL: Pak Ali guru.
S V C S C
The source language structure (SVC) has different elements from the
target language sentence structure (SC). This shows us the occurrence of
structure-shift in the translation. We could also see from the sequence that occurs
in both sentences. The occurrence of different sequence of the elements is also the
marker of structure shift. For example:
SL: The man is in the boat. TL: Tha an duine anns a'bhata (Catford,
1965:77)
S P A P S A
30
The example above shows that the sequence of elements in the structure of
that language is different from one another.
In source languages, the subject is in the beginning of the sentence.
However, in the target language, which is Gaelic language, the subject is in the
second position after the predicator. It means that the two sentences also show a
structure shift.
Structure shift can be found at other ranks, for example at group rank. In
translation between English and France, for instance, there is often a shift from
MH (modifier + head) to (M) HQ (Modifier + (Head + Qualifier)), e.g. A white
house (MH) = une maison blanche (MHQ).
B. Class Shift.
Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a source language is a
member of a different class from the original item. Because of the logical
dependence of class on structure (of the unit at the rank above) it is clear that
structure shift usually entails class shift. For example:
SL: Siap untuk diminum setiap saat. TL: Ready for instant drinking.
The word diminum in the source language sentence functions as a verb.
But, in the translation, it is translated into drinking denoting a gerund, which
belong to noun class in English. So, the translation equivalent of the verb diminum
of the source language is the noun drinking in the target language.
31
C. Unit Shifts.
Unit shifts have the meaning if changes of rank that is departures from
formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in
the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. For
example:SL: Gadis itu menari dengan luwesnya.TL: The girl is dancing with
great fluidity and grace.
Luwes in Indonesian is a lexicon (an adjective), its translation equivalent in
English is a group of words or a phrase great fluidity and grace. So the rank of
luwes is different from that of great fluidity and grace. It means the unit-shift
occurs in this translation.
D. Intra-System Shifts.
Intra-system shifts is the term for those cases where the shift occurs
internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL posses
systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but
when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
For example:
SL:Two book= TL: Dua buku SL:Some books = TL: beberapa
buku
From examples above: it can be said that English and Indonesian possess
formally corresponding system of number. In each language, the system operates
in nominal groups, and is characterized by concord between the exponents of S
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and P in clauses and so on. From the translation above, it happens that the formal
correspondence is departed from where the translation equivalent of English
plural is Indonesian singular. In Indonesian, plural form should not be followed by
plural word too. While in English there is nominal concord or an agreement which
rules the nominal group that must be in plural if it is followed by other plural
forms. So in this translation the intra-system shift occurs, because English and
Indonesian have their respective system and must be analyzed internally.
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