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Chapter 15
ORTHODONTICS
1
Orthodontics
The study dealing with prevention and correction of
abnormally positioned or misaligned teeth.
2
Orthodontist
Dentist specializing in causes and treatment of malocclusion.
3
Classifications of Malocclusion
1- Neutroclusion
2- Distoclusion
3- Mesioclusion
4
Neutroclusion
Class I condition
The antero-posterior occlusal or mesiodistal positions are
normal.
There are other malocclusion or positioning of individual teeth.
5
Distoclusion
Class II condition
Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar is anterior to the buccal
groove of mandibular first molar.
Having the appearance of retruded mandible.
6
Distoclusion
Division 1 : Maxillary incisors protruding with a V-shaped arch
instead of a U-shaped arch
Division 2 : Maxillary incisors having a lingual incline with an
excessive overbite and a wider than normal arch.
7
Mesioclusion
Class III condition
Mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the
interdental space of the mandibular permanent first molar’s
distal cusp and the mesial cusp of mandibular second molar.
Having the appearance of a protruded mandible.
8
Causes of Malocclusion
Trauma
Poor mouth condition
Congenital factors ( supernumerary or ectopic
teeth)
9
Occlusal Problems
Open bite
Overjet
Vertical overbite
Cross bite
Underjet
End to end
10
Open bite
11
Overjet
12
Vertical Overbite
13
Cross Bite
14
Underjet
15
End To End
16
Types and Methods of Orthodontic Treatment
Preventive
Interceptive
Corrective
17
Movements in Corrective Orthodontics
Rotation
Translation
Tipping
Intrusion
Extrusion
Torque
18
Choices and Methods of Correction
Banding
Direct bonding
Invisalign
Lingual braces
19
Banding
20
Direct Bonding
21
Invisalign
22
Lingual Braces
23
Why Force Application?
Force stimulates osteoclast cells to resorb the alveolar bone.
When misaligned tooth moved into proper place and
retained, osteoblast cells deposit mineral salts to strengthen
the alveolar bone and make the movement permanent.
24
Extraoral Devices
25
Headgear
Device composed of facebow and traction for
applying external force.
26
Facebow
Stainless steel external archbow inserted into the fixed molar
tubes on the maxillary first molars.
Used to move the molars distal for more anterior space.
27
Traction Device
Fitted expandable device to be hooked onto a facebow after
placement on the head.
28
Cervical Device
Circles the patient’s neck and attaches to facebow.
Pull in parallel position to retract teeth.
29
Chin Device Incorporates high-pull and cervical forces.
Used to control mandible growth.
30
Specialized appliances and Retainers
31
Activator
Appliance designed to guide , change, or alter facial and jaw
functions for a more favorable occlusion position
32
Lingual Retainer
Mandibular lingual bar with cuspid-to-cuspid cemented unions
to maintain lower incisors in position.
If extended and attached to mandibular molar to molar areas ,
known as Lingual Arch Retainer.
33
Palatal Expander
RPE ( Rapid Palatal Expander)
Fixed appliance to maxillary molar with a spring in the palate
area which is activated by a key rotation to expand appliance,
apply force and expand midpalatal suture, therefore increasing
the size of maxilla.
34
Oral Shield
Device fitting into the vestibule space between teeth and lips.
Trains and maintains lip function.
35
Mouth Guard
Protects the teeth in sport activities
36
Orthodontic Instrumentation
37
Band-remover Pliers
For removing bands from teeth
38
Bird-beak Pliers
Used to bend and shape the wires
39
Loop-forming Pliers
Used to form and shape loops in wires
40
Three-prong Pliers
Used to close or adjust clasps
41
Contouring Pliers
Used to contour bands for concave and convex tilt
42
Bracket Tweezers
Small-ended tweezers used to place direct-bond brackets
43
Ligature Cutter
Used to cut ligature wire, intraorally or extraorally.
44
Distal End Cutter
Used to cut and hold arch wire that was inserted into the
buccal tube
45
Band Pusher
Used to push and seat bands onto the teeth.
46
Scaler
Used to remove excess cement from bands.
47
Boone Gauge
Measuring device for establishing the height of the
orthodontic bands.
48
Bitestick
Plastic or metal instrument with projecting serrated steel
area used to help “seat” posterior bands
49
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