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Chapter 9
Sexual harassmentUnwanted sexual attention or pressure
from someone of greater power Patriarchy
Social arrangement where men dominate women
Sexism Ideology maintaining women are inferior
to men, justifying discrimination
Sex…the biological and anatomical differences between males and females.Primary characteristics…genitalia used in
the reproductive processSecondary…the sexual characteristics that
develop Facial hair, breasts, voice pitch etc…
Gender…the socially and culturally constructed differences between males and females found in the practices associated with femininity and masculinity.
Sexual orientation refers to someone’s preference for relationships.Heterosexual…opposite sexHomosexual…same sexBisexual…both sexesHomosexual and bisexuals are much more
likely to be labeled negatively and discriminated against.
Homophobia…extreme prejudice towards those who are not heterosexual.
Gender role refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate each sex and learned through socialization.How does a male act?How does a female act?
Menstrong, rational, dominant, independent,
less concerned with appearance Women
weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearance
Table 10-1, p. 290
p. 292
Sexism refers the subordination of one sex (usually female) based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. Involves prejudice, stereotyping and
discriminationMost commonly occurs in the workplaceMen can be victims of sexism as well
Between 1990 and 2004, the number of U.S. families headed by single mothers increased by about 25%.
This marks a change in the roles of many women, and may indicate that “traditional” households are in decline
Living spaceDesigns and artifacts in boys/girls rooms
Play Encouraging different roles through toys
DressClothing styles affect behavior
SchoolReading materials contain gender
stereotypes Advertising
Biased images exaggerated to sell product
p. 299
Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations.
Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender.
p. 298
p. 298
Peers help children learn gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults.
College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships.
Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students.
Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other.
p. 300
From elementary school through high school: Boys play football.Girls are cheerleaders, members of the drill
team, and homecoming queens. For many males, sports is a training
ground for masculinity.
On television: Male characters typically are more
aggressive, constructive, and direct. Females are deferential toward others
or use manipulation to get their way. Stars are often idolized and may be
negative role models as people feel they must live the unrealistic lifestyles portrayed on TV
Fig. 10-CO, p. 287
p. 304
As men and women enter adulthood, they continue to develop gender socialization.Gender roles are carried out in the
workplace Women’s work vs. Men’s work Family plans Success relative to age
Women are portrayed as more successful when young
p. 308
p. 309
Feminism…the belief that women and men are equal and should be valued as such.
Working women Increased participation of women in all
aspects of labor force is a recent change Work segregation
Certain job categories (clerical and service) still dominated by women
Second shift: still strong household obligations
Income inequalityWomen, on average, earn less than men
SexismWomen are best suited for certain jobs or
should stay at home Lack of qualifications
Men have greater experience The Glass Ceiling
Difficulties for women to rise to top positions
Networking “old boy” network excludes women
Earn 81% of what men make (up) 46% labor force participation (down)
Slower recovery for women from recession 79% in health, 68% education, 43%
professional/technical 24% CEO’s earning 75% of men in those
positions 60% of low wage working force
Conflict Theory…it is to men’s advantage to prevent women from reaching their full potential, maintaining the status quo.
Symbolic Interactionism…boys and girls learn gender roles through socialization.
Functionalist Theory…roles of men and women are divided to benefit, and provide functions to, society.
Stereotypes? What are the roles that they can/do play
in society?
Age stratification…the idea that there is unequal distribution of resources based on age (like social class).
Ageism…a set of beliefs and attitudes towards the elderly that helps one justify prejudice and discrimination towards the elderly.
Senile Unable to learn new skills Immobile Mean
Poverty for elderly is measured differently than for others.Assumption that they need lessAlthough statistics say poverty among the
elderly is decreasing, it is a growing problem
Many are “hidden poor”…in institutions etc…
Living on fixed incomes
Largest turnout of any voter group. Very diverse so often do not agree on
many issues. If elderly had a unifying voice, they
would have the potential for “gray power.”
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