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Chapter 9 (I)
The Language of Faith: Symbolism and the Arts
The Turning Point
Emperor Constantine’s
conversion in 312 C.E.
The Reorganized Empire
Diocletian (284-316 C.E.) saved the empire from the third-century crisis.
Diocletian’s reform
Diocletian Maximian
Caesar Caesar
Emperor Constantine
313 Edict of MilanChristianity became a legitimate faith.
Emperor Constantine
325 Council of NicaeaPurpose: to establish the
Christian dogma →the Nicene Creed
http://www.goarch.org/en/resources/clipart/icondetail.asp?i=55&c=Other&r=Ecumenical_Synod
The Nicene Creed
Doctrinal Quarrels(1) Trinity: Christ = Father, Son, Holy
Ghost(2) Regionalism: regional hostilities
were aggravated. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches split in 1054.
(3) State involvement: Secular interference in Church matters increased, esp. in the East.
Hierarchical Organization
Patriarchs → bishops in charge of Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Antioch, and Alexandria.
Archbishops/metropolitans → provinces
Bishops → dioceses Priests → parishes
Primacy of the Bishop of Rome
(1) a scene of the missionary activities and eventual martyrdom of the Apostles Peter and Paul.
(2) the doctrine of the Petrine Succession
Primacy of the Bishop of Rome
(3) After the capital was moved to Constantinople, the pope replaced the Roman emperor as head of public administration.
Spread of Monasticism
Fourth century (1) A substitute for martyrdom: a
desire to prove one’s religious ardor by self-abasement and suffering.
(2) Monasticism satisfied the desires of those who wished to avoid secular temptations.
St Simeon Stylite spent thirty-six years living on top of a pillar, in prayer and devotion.
East:
St. Basil (330-379)
Features: fasting, poverty, and celibacy
http://www.st-basil.org/
West:
St. Benedict
(480-547)
The Benedictine rule
http://www.mycatholictradition.com/saint-benedict.html
The Benedictine Rule
Vows: poverty, chastity, obedience
A program of “prayer and work”
The Benedictine RuleContributions: (1) Missionary work (2) Emphasize the dignity of
Manual labor (3) Learning: Benedictine
monasteries became centers for learning and transcribing in the Middle Ages.
Women The rise of a negative attitude toward
women?(Con) Spiritual egalitarianism:
women could be saved as fully as men.
(Pro) (1) Excluded from positions of leadership in church (2)Women > flesh; Men > spirit (3) Virginity accepted as the highest standard
MarriageMarriage >>> procreation Women >>> limited roles submissive wives
mothers
Latin Church Fathers Jerome (c. 347-420) Ambrose (340-397) Gregory (c. 540-604) Augustine (354-430)
St. Jerome
Translated the Bible from Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT) into Latin: the Vulgate
http://www.tihof.org/images/jerome/greco.jpg
St. Jerome (painted by El Greco) translated the Old and New Testaments into Latin.
St. JeromeMuch of the Bible was to be
understood allegorically, rather than literally.
Classical learning could be valid if subordinated to Christian aims.
St. AugustineThe Confessions : his
autobiography. Established the dualistic model of reality: the “unclean body” and the “purified soul” (by extension, matter and spirit, earth and heaven, Satan and God, state and Church).
St. Augustine
On the City of God “City of Earth” vs. “City of God”
Christianization of Classical Culture
(1) A gradual winnowing out of the classical texts that had been produced in Greece and Rome between the 5th century B.C.E. and the 2nd century C.E.
Christianization of Classical Culture
(2) An understanding of the purposes of classical culture for a Christian audience.
Early Christian Art
sacophagus
catacomb
Christ as Good Shepherd
Christ as the Good Shepherd, the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425-426. Mosaic. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/c20fadda23a7d46f8003.jpg
Christian Symbolism
Symbolism and Early Christian Art: (a) Christian monograms; (b) symbols of the four evangelists; and (c) Latin and Greek crosses
http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/34b4a94ac52f06114f9d.jpg
The chi-rho symbol
Orans
http://www.orderofcenturions.org/IMAGES/orans_catacomb2.jpg
Food for Thought
Study and identify the iconography of the life of Jesus.
http://members.aol.com/nonstopny/italiano/nativity.jpg
The End
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