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Chapter 8 - Rites of Passage. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence. Changes in Adolesence. Physical growth and maturation Neurological growth Psychological changes. How does thinking change in adolescence?. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Abstract thinking - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Physical growth and maturation Neurological growth Psychological changes
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development• Abstract thinking
Information Processing Perspective More sophisticated working memory and faster
processing ability Quantitative advances in long-term memory
Working Memory and Processing Speed• Have adult-like working memory and processing speed,
enables them to process information efficiently Content Knowledge, Strategies, and Metacognitive
Skill• Greater knowledge of the work facilitates
understanding and memory of new experiences• Better able to identify task-appropriate strategies and
monitor effectiveness of those strategies Problem Solving and Reasoning
• Solve problems analytically by relying on math or logic, able to detect weaknesses in scientific evidence and logical arguments
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Cultural variations Gilligan’s Progression of Moral
Development
Created narratives of moral dilemmas and studied the reasoning process that people underwent when considering the problem
All possible choices have both positive and negative consequences
Classic (1969) story of Heinz and his dying wife Presented narratives to people of different ages Developed stages of moral reasoning to reflect
qualitative changes at different stages
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningLevel 1 Preconventional
LevelPunishment and Reward
• Stage 1 Obedience Orientation
Obedience to authority
• Stage 2 Instrumental Orientation
Nice behavior in exchange for future favors
Level 2 Conventional Level Social Norms• Stage 3 Interpersonal Norms Live up to others’
expectations• Stage 4 Social System
MoralityFollow the rules to maintain order
Level 3 Postconventional Level
Moral Codes
• Stage 5 Social Contract Adhere to a social contract when it is valid
• Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principles
Personal moral system based on abstract principles
Kohlberg’s theory is very Western and reflects Judeo-Christian values not shared in all cultures, leading to different responses to moral dilemmas.
Gilligan also noted that women might have different motivations behind their moral reasoning than men.• Women = emphasis on concern for others• Men = emphasis on justice
• Stage 1: Preoccupation with one’s own needs• Stage 2: Caring for others, especially those in
need• Stage 3: Uniting of caring for others and caring
for self; caring for all
Factors that can promote more sophisticated moral reasoning: • Noticing one’s current thinking is inadequate• Observing others reasoning at a more advanced
levels• Discuss moral issues with peers, teachers,
parents• Involvement in a religious community that
connects adolescents to a network of caring peers and adults
• Not all people achieve the highest stages of moral reasoning
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