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Gas
esC
hap
ter
8
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Lo
w8
.6 –
Vo
lum
e an
d M
ole
s (A
voga
dro’
s La
w)
8.7
–T
he
Idea
l Gas
Law
8.8
–P
arti
al P
ress
ures
(Dal
ton’
s La
w)
8.1
Pro
per
ties
of G
ases
Go
al: D
escr
ibe
the
Kin
etic
Mo
lecu
lar
Th
eory
of G
ases
and
th
e un
its
of m
easu
rem
ent
used
fo
r ga
ses.
Gas
esW
e ar
e su
rro
un
ded
by
gase
s, b
ut
we
are
oft
en
un
awar
e o
f th
eir
pres
ence
.
Of t
he
elem
ents
on
th
e p
erio
dic
tab
le, o
nly
a h
and
ful
are
gase
s at
ro
om
tem
pera
ture
: H2
, He,
N2
, O2
, F2
, C
l 2, a
nd
th
e n
ob
le g
ases
.
Oth
er c
om
mo
n g
ases
are
mo
lecu
les
wit
h o
xyge
n a
nd
sm
all n
on
met
als:
CO
, CO
2, N
O, N
O2
, SO
2, S
O3
Gen
eral
ly, m
ole
cule
s th
at a
re g
ases
at
roo
m
tem
pera
ture
hav
e fe
wer
th
an 5
ato
ms
and
are
fro
m
the
1st
and
2n
dpe
rio
d.
Gas
esT
he
beh
avio
r o
f gas
es is
qu
ite
dif
fere
nt
fro
m t
hat
of
liqu
ids
and
so
lids.
×G
as p
arti
cles
are
far
apar
t, w
her
eas
par
ticl
e o
f b
oth
liq
uid
s an
so
lids
are
hel
d c
lose
to
geth
er.
×A
gas
has
no
def
init
e sh
ape
or
volu
me
and
will
co
mp
lete
ly fi
ll an
y co
nta
iner
.
×B
ecau
se th
ere
are
grea
t d
ista
nce
s b
etw
een
gas
pa
rtic
les,
a g
as is
less
den
se t
han
a s
olid
or
liqu
id
and
eas
y to
co
mp
ress
.
Kin
etic
Mo
lecu
lar
Th
eory
of G
ases
1. A
gas
co
nsis
ts o
f sm
all p
arti
cles
(ato
ms
or
mo
lecu
les)
that
m
ove
ran
dom
ly w
ith
h
igh
vel
oci
ties
.
Gas
mo
lecu
les
mo
vin
g in
ran
do
m
dir
ecti
on
s at
hig
h
spee
ds
cau
se a
gas
to
fi
ll th
e en
tire
vo
lum
e o
f a c
on
tain
er.
2. T
he
attr
acti
ve
forc
es b
etw
een
the
par
ticl
es o
f a g
as a
re
usu
ally
ver
y sm
all.
Gas
par
ticl
es a
re f
ar
apar
t an
d f
il a
con
tain
er o
f an
y si
ze
and
sha
pe.
3. T
he
actu
al v
olu
me
occ
upie
d b
y ga
s m
ole
cule
s is
ex
trem
ely
smal
l co
mp
ared
wit
h th
e vo
lum
e th
at th
e ga
s o
ccup
ies.
Th
e vo
lum
e o
f th
e ga
s is
con
sid
ered
eq
ual t
o t
he
volu
me
of t
he
con
tain
er.
Mo
st o
f th
e vo
lum
e o
f a g
as is
em
pty
sp
ace,
whi
ch a
llow
s ga
ses
to b
e ea
sily
co
mp
ress
ed.
Kin
etic
Mo
lecu
lar
Th
eory
of G
ases
4. G
as p
arti
cles
are
in c
on
stan
t m
oti
on, m
ovi
ng
rap
idly
in
stra
igh
t pat
hs.
Wh
en g
as p
arti
cles
co
llid
e, t
hey
re
bo
un
d a
nd
tra
vel i
n n
ew
dir
ecti
on
s.
Eve
ry t
ime
they
hit
th
e w
alls
of
the
cont
ain
er t
hey
exe
rt
pre
ssur
e.
An
incr
ease
in t
he
nu
mb
er o
r fo
rce
of c
olli
sio
ns
agai
nst
th
e w
alls
of t
he
con
tain
er c
ause
s an
in
crea
se in
th
e pr
essu
re o
f th
e ga
s.
5. T
he
aver
age
kin
etic
en
ergy
of
gas
mo
lecu
les
is p
rop
ort
ion
al to
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
in K
elvi
n.
Gas
mo
lecu
les
mo
ve f
aste
r as
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
incr
ease
s.
At
hig
her
tem
per
atu
res,
gas
m
ole
cule
s h
it t
he
wal
ls o
f th
e co
nta
iner
mo
re o
ften
an
d w
ith
m
ore
fo
rce,
pro
du
cin
g h
igh
er
pres
sure
s.
SSmel
lsW
e ca
n q
uic
kly
smel
l pe
rfu
me
wh
en a
bo
ttle
is
ope
ned
acro
ss t
he
roo
m
bec
ause
its
part
icle
s m
ove
ra
pid
ly in
all
dir
ecti
on
s.
At r
oo
m t
emp,
air
mo
lecu
les
mo
ve a
t 1
00
0 m
ph
.
App
licat
ion
s
Exp
losi
ons
Som
etim
es ti
res
or
gas-
fille
d c
on
tain
ers
expl
od
e w
hen
tem
pera
ture
s ar
e to
o
hig
h.
Fro
m th
e K
MT
, we
kno
w
that
gas
par
ticl
es m
ove
fast
er w
hen
hea
ted,
hit
th
e w
alls
of a
co
nta
iner
wit
h
mo
re fo
rce,
an
d c
ause
a
build
up o
f pre
ssur
e in
side
a
con
tain
er.
Th
e ki
neti
c m
ole
cula
r th
eory
hel
ps e
xpla
in e
very
day
thin
gs:
Wh
en w
e ta
lk a
bo
ut a
gas
, we
des
crib
e it
in t
erm
s o
f 4 p
rope
rtie
s:
Pre
ssu
reV
olu
me
Tem
per
atu
reA
mo
un
t
Pre
ssu
re (P
)G
as m
ole
cule
s ar
e ex
trem
ely
smal
l an
d m
ove
ra
pid
ly.
Wh
en t
hey
hit
th
e w
alls
of
a co
nta
iner
, th
ey e
xert
p
ress
ure.
If w
e h
eat
the
con
tain
er,
the
mo
lecu
les
mo
ve fa
ster
an
d s
mas
h in
to t
he
wal
ls
mo
re o
ften
an
d w
ith
in
crea
sed
forc
e, t
hu
s in
crea
sin
g th
e p
ress
ure
.
Co
mm
on
un
its:
×
atm
osp
her
es (a
tm)
×m
m o
f mer
cury
(m
mH
g)
×in
of m
ercu
ry (i
nH
g)
×P
asca
ls (P
a)
×to
rr
×po
un
ds
per
squ
are
inch
(psi
)
Vo
lum
e, T
emp
erat
ure
, Am
ou
nt
Vo
lum
e (V
)
Th
e vo
lum
eo
f a g
as
equ
als
the
size
of
the
con
tain
er in
w
hic
h t
he
gas
is
pla
ced
.
Un
its:
L, m
L
Tem
pera
ture
(T)
Th
e te
mpe
ratu
reo
f a
gas
is r
elat
ed t
o
the
kin
etic
en
ergy
of
its
part
icle
s.
Kin
etic
En
ergy
–en
ergy
of m
oti
on
.A
s p
arti
cles
mo
ve
fast
er, t
hey
ge
ner
ate
mo
re
kin
etic
ene
rgy
in t
he
form
of h
eat.
Un
its:
Kel
vin
(no
n
egat
ive
num
bers
)
Am
ou
nt o
f gas
(n)
Th
e am
oun
t of g
as
refe
rs t
o th
e m
ass
of
the
gas
pre
sen
t.
Un
its:
gra
ms
or
mol
es
(mol
es a
re u
sed
in
equ
atio
ns)
12
13
Con
vert
4820
mm
Hg
to a
tmos
pher
es. (
1 at
m=
760
mm
Hg)
Con
vert
48 p
si to
torr
(14.
7 ps
i = 1
atm
= 76
0 m
mH
g)C
hap
ter
888
.1 -
Pro
pert
ies
of G
ases
8.2
–P
ress
ure
and
Vo
lum
e (B
oyle
’s L
aw)
8.3
–T
empe
ratu
re a
nd
Vo
lum
e (C
harl
es’ L
aw)
8.4
–T
empe
ratu
re a
nd
Pre
ssur
e (G
uy-L
ussa
c’s
Law
)8
.5 –
Th
e C
om
bine
d G
as L
ow
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
8.2
Pre
ssu
re a
nd
Vo
lum
e (B
oyl
e’s
Law
)G
oal
: Use
th
e p
ress
ure-
volu
me
rela
tio
nshi
p (
Boy
le’s
Law
) to
det
erm
ine
the
fin
al p
ress
ure
or
volu
me
wh
en t
he
tem
per
atu
re a
nd
am
ou
nt
of g
as a
re c
on
stan
t.
Pre
ssu
re a
nd
Vo
lum
eIm
agin
e th
at y
ou
can
see
air
par
ticl
es
hit
tin
g th
e w
alls
insi
de
a b
icyc
le t
ire
pu
mp
.
Wh
at h
appe
ns
to t
he
pre
ssu
re in
sid
e th
e pu
mp
as y
ou
pu
sh d
ow
n o
n t
he
han
dle
?
As
the
volu
me
dec
reas
es, t
he
air
mo
lecu
les
are
cro
wd
ed t
oge
ther
. Mo
re
colli
sio
ns
occ
ur
wit
h t
he
wal
ls, i
ncr
easi
ng
the
pre
ssu
re.
P a
nd
V –
Inve
rse
Rel
atio
nsh
ip
Wh
en a
ch
ange
in o
ne
pro
per
ty c
ause
s a
chan
ge in
an
oth
er, t
he
two
pro
pert
ies
are
said
to
be
rrela
ted.
If t
he
chan
ges
occ
ur
in o
ppo
site
dir
ecti
on
s, th
e pr
ope
rtie
s ar
e in
vers
ely
rela
ted.
Th
e in
vers
e re
lati
onsh
ip b
etw
een
P a
nd
V is
kn
ow
n a
s B
oyl
e’s
Law
.
P a
nd
V –
Bo
yle’
s La
wBB
oyl
e’s
Law
: th
e vo
lum
e (V
) of a
sam
ple
of a
gas
ch
ange
s in
vers
ely
wit
h t
he
pre
ssu
re (P
) of t
he
gas
as lo
ng
as t
her
e is
no
ch
ange
in t
he
tem
pera
ture
(T) o
r am
ou
nt o
f gas
(n)
A r
esu
lt o
f Bo
yle’
s La
w is
th
e eq
uat
ion
:
P1V
1 =
P2V
2
P1
= in
itia
l pre
ssu
reP
2=
fin
al p
ress
ure
V1
= in
itia
l vo
lum
eV
2=
fin
al v
olu
me
The
pres
sure
insi
de a
tire
pum
p is
1.4
atm
at 3
.0 L
. If t
he v
olum
e is
de
crea
sed
to 2
.0 L
, wha
t is
the
new
air
pres
sure
? A
bubb
le o
f nat
ural
gas
(CH
4) h
as a
vol
ume
of 4
5.0
mL
at 1
.60
atm
of
pres
sure
whe
n un
derg
roun
d. W
hat v
olum
e w
ill th
e bu
bble
hav
e it
if re
ache
s Ea
rth’s
sur
face
whe
re a
tmos
pher
ic p
ress
ure
is 7
44 m
mH
g? A
ssum
e no
ch
ange
in te
mpe
ratu
re o
r am
ount
of g
as. (
760
mm
Hg
= 1
atm
)
FY
I –P
V r
elat
ion
ship
in B
reat
hin
g
Th
e im
port
ance
of B
oyl
e’s
Law
is
sho
wn
in t
he
mec
han
ics
of
bre
ath
ing.
Ou
r lu
ngs
are
ela
stic
, bal
loo
n-l
ike
stru
ctu
res
con
tain
ed in
an
air
tigh
t ch
amb
er c
alle
d t
he
tho
raci
c ca
vity
. T
he
dia
phra
gm, a
mu
scle
, fo
rms
the
flex
ible
flo
or
of t
he
cavi
ty.
FY
I –P
V r
elat
ion
ship
in B
reat
hin
g
IInha
lati
on (I
nspi
rati
on)
Th
e p
roce
ss o
f tak
ing
a b
reat
h b
egin
s w
hen
th
e d
iaph
ragm
co
ntr
acts
, cau
sin
g an
incr
ease
in t
he
volu
me
of t
he
lun
gs. A
cco
rdin
g to
Bo
yle’
s La
w,
this
cau
ses
pres
sure
in t
he
lun
gs t
o d
ecre
ase.
Th
e pr
essu
re o
f th
e lu
ngs
dro
p b
elo
w t
he
atm
osp
her
ic p
ress
ure
cre
atin
g a
pre
ssu
re
grad
ien
t b
etw
een
th
e lu
ngs
an
d a
tmo
sph
ere.
Air
mo
lecu
les
flo
w fr
om
hig
her
pre
ssu
re t
o
low
er a
nd
yo
u b
reat
he
in.
FY
I –P
V r
elat
ion
ship
in B
reat
hin
g
EExh
alat
ion
(Exp
irat
ion)
occ
urs
wh
en t
he
dia
phra
gm r
elax
es a
nd
mo
ves
bac
k u
p in
to t
he
tho
raci
c ca
vity
. Th
e vo
lum
e o
f th
e th
ora
cic
cavi
ty a
nd
lun
gs d
ecre
ase,
cau
sin
g an
incr
ease
in
th
e p
ress
ure
in t
he
lun
gs.
No
w t
he
pre
ssu
re in
th
e lu
ngs
in h
igh
er t
han
th
e pr
essu
re o
f th
e at
mo
sph
ere
and
a n
ew
pre
ssu
re g
rad
ien
t ca
use
s th
e ai
r m
ole
cule
s to
fl
ow
ou
t o
f th
e lu
ngs
.
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Lo
w8
.6 –
Vo
lum
e an
d M
ole
s (A
voga
dro’
s La
w)
8.7
–T
he
Idea
l Gas
Law
8.8
–P
arti
al P
ress
ures
(Dal
ton’
s La
w)
8.3
Tem
per
atu
re a
nd
Vo
lum
e (C
har
les’
Law
)G
oal
: Use
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
-vo
lum
e re
lati
ons
hip
(Ch
arle
s’
Law
) to
det
erm
ine
the
fin
al t
emp
erat
ure
or
volu
me
wh
en
the
pres
sure
an
d a
mo
un
t o
f gas
are
co
nst
ant.
Ho
t ai
r b
allo
on
s…
Yo
u a
re g
oin
g to
tak
e a
rid
e in
a h
ot
air
bal
loo
n.
Th
e ca
ptai
n t
urn
s o
n a
pro
pan
e b
urn
er t
o h
eat
the
air
insi
de
the
bal
loo
n. A
s th
e ai
r is
hea
ted
, it
exp
and
s an
d b
eco
mes
less
den
se th
an t
he
air
ou
tsid
e, c
ausi
ng
the
bal
loo
n t
o r
ise…
Ch
arle
s’ L
aw
In 1
78
7, J
acq
ues
Ch
arle
s, a
bal
loo
nis
t an
d p
hys
icis
t,
pro
po
sed
that
th
e vo
lum
e o
f a g
as is
dir
ectl
y re
late
dto
te
mp
erat
ure
.
CCh
arle
s’ L
aw:
Th
e vo
lum
e (V
) of a
gas
is d
irec
tly
rela
ted
to
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
(T) w
hen
th
ere
is n
o
chan
ge in
th
e pr
essu
re (P
) or
amo
un
t (n
) of g
as.
29
Ch
arle
s’ L
aw
=co
nst
ant P
an
d n
*Use
Kel
vins
to a
void
neg
ativ
e nu
mbe
rs.
30
A sa
mpl
e of
hel
ium
gas
has
a v
olum
e of
5.4
0 L
and
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f 15°
C.
Wha
t is
the
final
vol
ume,
in li
ters
, of t
he g
as if
the
tem
pera
ture
has
bee
n in
crea
sed
to 4
2°C
at c
onst
ant p
ress
ure
and
amou
nt o
f gas
.C
hap
ter
888
.1 -
Pro
pert
ies
of G
ases
8.2
–P
ress
ure
and
Vo
lum
e (B
oyle
’s L
aw)
8.3
–T
empe
ratu
re a
nd
Vo
lum
e (C
harl
es’ L
aw)
8.4
–T
empe
ratu
re a
nd
Pre
ssur
e (G
uy-L
ussa
c’s
Law
)8
.5 –
Th
e C
om
bine
d G
as L
ow
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
8.4
Tem
per
atu
re a
nd
Pre
ssu
re
(Gay
-Lu
ssac
’s L
aw)
Go
al:
Use
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
-pre
ssu
re r
elat
ion
ship
(Gay
-Lu
ssac
’s L
aw) t
o d
eter
min
e th
e fi
nal
tem
per
atu
re o
r pr
essu
re
wh
en t
he
volu
me
and
am
ou
nt
of g
as a
re c
on
stan
t.
If w
e co
uld
ob
serv
e th
e m
ole
cule
s o
f a g
as a
s th
e te
mpe
ratu
re r
ises
, we
wo
uld
no
tice
th
at t
hey
mo
ve
fast
er a
nd
hit
th
e si
des
of t
he
con
tain
er m
ore
oft
en
and
wit
h g
reat
er fo
rce.
If v
olu
me
and
th
e am
ou
nt o
f gas
are
kep
t th
e sa
me,
w
e w
ou
ld s
ee a
n in
crea
se o
f pre
ssu
re.
34
Gay
-Lu
ssac
’s L
awGG
ay-L
ussa
c’s
Law
: th
e p
ress
ure
of a
gas
is d
irec
tly
rela
ted
to it
s K
elvi
n t
empe
ratu
re a
t a
con
stan
t vo
lum
e an
d a
mo
un
t of g
as =co
nst
ant n
an
d V
*All
tem
pera
ture
s in
Kel
vin
35
An o
xyge
n ta
nk h
as a
pre
ssur
e of
120
atm
at ro
om te
mpe
ratu
re o
f 25.
0°C
. If
a fir
e in
the
room
cau
ses
the
tem
pera
ture
of t
he g
as in
the
tank
to re
ach
402°
C, w
hat w
ill be
its
pres
sure
?
Tank
s ca
n ru
ptur
e if
pres
sure
exc
eeds
180
atm
. Will
it ex
plod
e?
Vap
or
Pre
ssu
re
Wh
en li
qu
id m
ole
cule
s ga
in s
uff
icie
nt
kin
etic
en
ergy
, th
ey b
reak
way
fro
m t
he
surf
ace
and
b
eco
me
gas
part
icle
s o
r va
por.
In a
n o
pen
co
nta
iner
, all
the
liqu
id w
ill
even
tual
ly e
vapo
rate
.
In a
clo
se c
on
tain
er, t
he
vapo
r ac
cum
ula
tes
abo
ve t
he
liqu
id a
nd
cre
ates
pre
ssu
re c
alle
d
vvapo
r pre
ssur
e.
37
Vap
or
Pre
ssu
reE
ach
typ
e o
f liq
uid
exe
rts
its
ow
n v
apo
r pr
essu
re a
t a
give
n t
empe
ratu
re.
As
the
tem
pera
ture
incr
ease
s, m
ore
vap
or
form
s, a
nd
th
e va
por
pre
ssu
re in
crea
ses.
Bo
ilin
g p
oin
tA
liq
uid
rea
ches
its
bbo
iling
po
int w
hen
its
vapo
r p
ress
ure
bec
om
es e
qu
al t
o t
he
exte
rnal
(atm
osp
her
ic)
pres
sure
.
At
hig
h a
ltit
ud
es, w
her
e at
mo
sph
eric
pre
ssu
re is
lo
wer
, th
e va
por
pre
ssu
re to
rea
ch is
low
er, s
o w
ater
b
oils
at
a lo
wer
tem
pera
ture
!
Atm
osph
eric
pr
essu
reB
oilin
g po
int
of w
ater
Sea
Leve
l76
0 m
mH
g10
0°C
Den
ver
630
mm
Hg
95°C
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Law
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
8.5
Th
e C
om
bin
ed G
as L
awG
oal
: U
se t
he
com
bin
ed g
as la
w t
o c
alcu
late
th
e fi
nal
V, P
, or
T o
f a g
as w
hen
ch
ange
s in
2 o
f th
ese
pro
pert
ies
are
give
n
and
the
amo
un
t o
f gas
is c
on
stan
t.
Co
mb
ined
Gas
Law
All
of t
he
Pre
ssu
re-V
olu
me-
Tem
pera
ture
rel
atio
nsh
ip
for
gase
s th
at w
e h
ave
stu
die
d m
ay b
e co
mb
ined
into
a
sin
gle
rela
tio
nsh
ip c
alle
d t
he
C Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Law
:
=co
nst
ant n
Co
mb
ined
Gas
Law
By
usi
ng
the
com
bin
ed g
as la
w, w
e ca
n d
eriv
e an
y o
f th
e ga
s la
ws
by
emit
tin
g th
e pr
ope
rtie
s th
at d
on
’t
chan
ge.
=co
nst
ant n
A 25
mL
bubb
le is
rele
ased
from
a d
iver
’s a
ir ta
nk a
t a p
ress
ure
of 4
.00
atm
and
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f 11°
C. W
hat i
s th
e vo
lum
e, in
mL,
of t
he b
allo
on w
hen
it re
ache
s th
e oc
ean
surfa
ce w
here
the
pres
sure
is 1
.00
atm
and
the
tem
pera
ture
is 1
8°C
? (A
ssum
e th
e am
ount
of g
as in
the
bubb
le d
oes
not c
hang
e.)
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Law
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
8.6
Vo
lum
e an
d M
ole
s (A
voga
dro
’s L
aw)
Go
al:
Use
Avo
gad
ro’s
Law
to
cal
cula
te t
he
amo
un
t o
f vo
lum
e of
a g
as w
hen
the
pre
ssur
e an
d t
emp
erat
ure
are
con
stan
t.
Up
tiln
ow
, we
hav
e al
way
s ke
pt t
he
amo
un
t of g
as (n
) co
nst
ant.
No
w w
e w
ill c
on
sid
er th
e af
fect
s w
hen
gr
ams
or
mo
les
chan
ge.
Wh
en y
ou
blo
w u
p a
bal
loo
n, i
ts v
olu
me
incr
ease
s b
ecau
se
you
ad
d m
ore
air
mo
lecu
les.
If t
he
bal
loo
n h
as a
ho
le in
it, a
ir le
aks
ou
t, c
ausi
ng
its
volu
me
to d
ecre
ase.
se
W
Avo
gad
ro’s
Law
In 1
81
1, A
med
eoA
voga
dro
pro
pose
d:
AAvo
gadr
o’s
Law
: Th
e vo
lum
e o
f a g
as is
dir
ectl
y re
late
d t
o t
he
nu
mb
er o
f mo
les
of a
gas
wh
en T
an
d P
d
o n
ot
chan
ge.
Fo
r ex
amp
le, i
f th
e n
um
ber
of m
ole
s o
f gas
do
ub
les,
th
en t
he
volu
me
will
do
ub
le t
oo
, as
lon
g as
P a
nd
T d
o
no
t ch
ange
.
=co
nst
ant
P a
nd
T
A w
eath
er b
allo
on w
ith a
vol
ume
of 4
4 L
is fi
lled
with
2.0
mol
es o
f He.
Wha
t is
the
final
vol
ume
if 3.
0 m
oles
are
add
ed fo
r a to
tal o
f 5.0
mol
es?
(P a
nd T
don
’t ch
ange
.)
Usi
ng
Avo
gad
ro’s
Law
, we
can
say
an
y tw
o g
ases
will
h
ave
equ
al v
olu
mes
if t
hey
co
nta
in t
he
sam
e n
um
ber
o
f mo
les
of g
as (a
t th
e sa
me
T a
nd
P).
STP
Stan
dar
d T
emp
erat
ure
an
d P
ress
ure
“ST
P” i
s a
han
dy
abb
revi
atio
n fo
r 3
73
K (O
°C) a
nd
1 a
tm. A
co
mm
on
set
o
f un
its.
At
STP
, on
e m
ole
of a
ny
gas
occ
up
ies
a vo
lum
e o
f 22
.4 L
(r
ou
ghly
th
e vo
lum
e o
f th
e 3
bas
ketb
alls
).
Mo
lar
Vo
lum
eT
he
volu
me,
22
.4 L
, of a
ny
gas
at S
TP
is c
alle
d it
s mm
ola
r vo
lum
e.
Wh
en a
gas
is a
t ST
P c
on
dit
ion
s (O
C a
nd
1 a
tm),
its
mo
lar
volu
me
can
be
use
d a
s a
con
vers
ion
fact
or
bet
wee
n #
of m
ole
s an
d v
olu
me:
1 22.4
Wha
t is
the
volu
me,
in li
ters
, in
64.0
g o
f O2
gas
at S
TP?
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Law
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
8.7
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
awG
oal
: U
se t
he
idea
l gas
law
eq
uat
ion
to
so
lve
for
P, V
, T, o
r n
of a
ga
s w
hen
giv
en 3
of t
he
4 v
alu
es in
th
e id
eal g
as la
w e
qu
atio
n.
Cal
cula
te t
he
mas
s o
r vo
lum
e o
f a g
as in
a c
hem
ical
rea
ctio
n.
Idea
l Gas
Law
Th
eiid
eal g
as la
wis
th
e co
mb
inat
ion
of t
he
4
pro
per
ties
use
d to
mea
sure
gas
es -
P, V
, T, n
–to
giv
e a
sin
gle
equ
atio
n:
=
Idea
l Gas
Co
nst
ant
=
N2O
is a
n an
esth
etic
(lau
ghin
g ga
s).
Wha
t is
the
pres
sure
, in
atm
, of 0
.350
mol
e of
N2O
at 2
2°C
in a
5.0
0 L
cont
aine
r?
Oft
en w
e n
eed
to
kn
ow
th
e am
ou
nt o
f gas
(in
gra
ms)
in
volv
ed in
a r
eact
ion
.
Th
en t
he
Idea
l Gas
Law
can
be
rear
ran
ged
to
so
lve
for
mo
les
(n) t
hen
co
nve
rt t
o g
ram
s u
sin
g m
ola
r m
ass.
61
Buta
ne, C
4H10
, is
used
as
a fu
el fo
r cam
p st
oves
. If
you
have
108
mL
of b
utan
e ga
s at
715
mm
Hg
and
25°C
, wha
t is
the
mas
s, in
gr
ams,
of b
utan
e.
Gas
Law
s an
d
Ch
emic
al R
eact
ion
sG
ases
are
invo
lved
as
reac
tan
ts a
nd
pro
du
cts
in m
any
chem
ical
rea
ctio
ns.
Typ
ical
ly t
he
info
rmat
ion
giv
en
for
a ga
s is
its
P, V
, an
d T
. Th
en w
e ca
n u
se t
he
idea
l ga
s la
w t
o d
eter
min
e th
e m
ole
s o
f a g
as in
a r
eact
ion
.
If w
e kn
ow
th
e n
um
ber
of m
ole
s fo
r o
ne
of t
he
gase
s,
we
can
use
mo
le-m
ole
fact
ors
to
det
erm
ine
the
mo
les
of a
ny
oth
er s
ub
stan
ce.
63
Cal
cium
car
bona
te (C
aCO
3) in
ant
acid
s re
acts
with
HC
lin
the
stom
ach
to re
duce
ac
id re
flux.
How
man
y L
of C
O2
are
prod
uced
at 7
52 m
mH
g an
d 24
°C fr
om a
25.
0 g
sam
ple
of c
alci
um c
arbo
nate
.
CaC
O3(
s) +
2H
Cl(a
q)
CO
2(g)
+ H
2O(l)
+ C
aCl 2(
aq)
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Law
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
8.8
Par
tial
Pre
ssu
res
(Dal
ton
’s L
aw)
Go
al:
Use
Dal
ton
’s L
aw o
f par
tial
pre
ssu
res
to c
alcu
late
th
e to
tal
pres
sure
of a
mix
ture
of g
ases
.
Gas
Mix
ture
sM
any
gas
sam
ple
s ar
e a
mix
ture
of g
ases
.
Fo
r ex
ampl
e : t
he
air
we
bre
ath
e is
a m
ix o
f mai
nly
n
itro
gen
an
d o
xyge
n.
In g
as m
ixtu
res,
sci
enti
sts
ob
serv
ed t
hat
all
gas
part
icle
s b
ehav
e in
th
e sa
me
way
.
Th
eref
ore
th
e to
tal p
ress
ure
of t
he
gase
s in
a m
ixtu
re
is a
res
ult
of t
he
colli
sio
ns
of t
he
gas
par
ticl
es
rega
rdle
ss o
f wh
at t
ype
of g
as t
hey
are
.
67
Dal
ton
’s L
awIn
a g
as m
ixtu
re, e
ach
gas
exe
rts
its
ppar
tial
pre
ssur
e(t
he
pres
sure
it w
ou
ld e
xert
if it
wer
e th
e o
nly
gas
in
the
con
tain
er).
Dal
ton’
s La
w s
tate
s th
at t
he
tota
l pre
ssu
re o
f a g
as is
th
e su
m o
f th
e pa
rtia
l pre
ssu
res
of t
he
gase
s in
th
e m
ixtu
re.
Pto
tal=
P1
+ P
2+
P3
+ …
68
Exa
mp
le
If w
e co
mb
ine
the
gase
s in
to o
ne
tan
k, w
ith
th
e sa
me
V a
nd
T, t
he
nu
mb
er o
f gas
mo
lecu
les
(n) d
eter
min
e th
e p
ress
ure
of t
he
tan
k.
It d
oes
no
t m
atte
r w
hat
typ
e o
f gas
(He
or
Ar)
. Sim
ply
h
ow
man
y at
om
s o
f gas
th
ere
are.
69
A he
liox
brea
thin
g m
ixtu
re o
f oxy
gen
and
heliu
m is
pre
pare
d fo
r a p
atie
nt. T
he g
as
mix
ture
has
a to
tal p
ress
ure
of 7
.00
atm
. If t
he p
artia
l pre
ssur
e of
the
oxyg
en is
114
m
mH
g, w
hat i
s th
e pa
rtial
pre
ssur
e of
the
heliu
m?
Ch
apte
r 8
88.1
-P
rope
rtie
s o
f Gas
es8
.2 –
Pre
ssur
e an
d V
olu
me
(Boy
le’s
Law
)8
.3 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d V
olu
me
(Cha
rles
’ Law
)8
.4 –
Tem
pera
ture
an
d P
ress
ure
(Guy
-Lus
sac’
sLa
w)
8.5
–T
he
Co
mbi
ned
Gas
Law
8.6
–V
olu
me
and
Mo
les
(Avo
gadr
o’s
Law
)8
.7 –
Th
e Id
eal G
as L
aw8
.8 –
Par
tial
Pre
ssur
es (D
alto
n’s
Law
)
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