Chapter 7. Perception · Chapter7.Perception LikanZhan BeijingLanguageandCultureUniversity...

Chapter 7. Perception

Likan ZhanBeijing Language and Culture University

2020-05-07

https://likan.infozhanlikan@blcu.edu.cn

Table of Contents

1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations4. From Problem to Experiment5. References

Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seenand thinking what nobody has thought.

– Albert Szent-Györgyi

Table of Contents

A view of the town of Alesund, Norway

(Kantowitz, Roediger, & Elmes, 2015, p. 198)

Bottom-up and Top-down Processing

• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)

Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)

• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)

Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)

• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)

• Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的过程)Data-driven processing (数据驱动的过程)

• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)

Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)

• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)

Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)

• Top-Down Processing (自上而下的过程)Conceptually driven processing (概念驱动的过程)

• An illusion (错觉) is a mistaken or distorted perception.

Awareness and Perception

• Awareness (觉知): Can meanings and interpretations beapplied to sense data automatically, without our beingverbally aware of them, or is verbal awareness a necessarypart of perception?

(Kantowitz et al., 2015, p. 201)

• Dynamic perimetry (动态视野检查法)• Blind spot and scotoma (盲点)

• Dynamic perimetry (动态视野检查法)

• Blind spot and scotoma (盲点)

• Dynamic perimetry (动态视野检查法)• Blind spot and scotoma (盲点)

• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight

• Forced-choice guesses

• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight

• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness

• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight

• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight

• Type 2 Blind Sight

• Forced-choice guesses• Blindsight (盲视): Detection without Awareness• Type 1 Blind Sight• Type 2 Blind Sight

Table of Contents

Dependent variables

• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability

Dependent variables

• Subjective Verbal Description

• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability

Dependent variables

• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)

• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability

Dependent variables

• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence

• Verifiability

Dependent variables

• Subjective Verbal Description• Tachistoscope (视速仪)• Reaction time and Subjective confidence• Verifiability

Independent variables

• Physical characteristics of stimuli:

– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,and angle of view;

– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,and complexity;

• Abnormal circumstances

– Animals: Raised in the dark– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field

• Physical characteristics of stimuli:

– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,and angle of view;

• Physical characteristics of stimuli:– Visual stimuli: size, shape, backgrounds, perspective,

and angle of view;

and angle of view;– Auditory stimuli: Frequency, intensity, waveform,

and complexity;

and complexity;• Abnormal circumstances

– Animals: Raised in the dark

– Humans: Special goggles, uniform visual field

Control variables

• Emotional and Motivational Properties:

– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and

food-related objects

• Physical properties:

– Stimulus duration, intensity, illumination, contrast,and the like

Control variables

• Emotional and Motivational Properties:

– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and

food-related objects• Physical properties:

Control variables

• Emotional and Motivational Properties:– Taboo words versus innocent control words

– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, andfood-related objects

Control variables

• Emotional and Motivational Properties:– Taboo words versus innocent control words– Hungry people, Out-of-foucs image, and

food-related objects

Control variables

Table of Contents

1. Bottom-up and Top-down Processing2. Introducing The Variables3. Experimental Topics and Research Illustrations

Verbal Report: Perception without AwarenessConverging Operations: Perception without Awareness andPerception with Explicit Awareness

4. From Problem to Experiment5. References

Verbal Report: Perception without Awareness

Verbal Report

• Phenomenological experience (现象学经验) is theinternal awareness of the external world.

• Verbal report (言语报告)• A hallucination (幻觉) is the report of an experience

without any apparent corresponding stimulation.

Verbal Report

• Verbal report (言语报告)

• A hallucination (幻觉) is the report of an experiencewithout any apparent corresponding stimulation.

Verbal Report

Responses Qualify as Reports

• A response qualifies as a report only when a verifiablerelationship between the response and a previous perceptualevent (ei) can be directly inferred.

• The case of the Pegion and the peck.• The case of D.B: Different ei s.

• The case of the Pegion and the peck.

• The case of D.B: Different ei s.

• Afterimage (后像)• Positive afterimage (正后像)• Negative afterimage (负后像)

• Afterimage (后像)

• Positive afterimage (正后像)• Negative afterimage (负后像)

• Afterimage (后像)• Positive afterimage (正后像)

• Negative afterimage (负后像)

• Afterimage (后像)• Positive afterimage (正后像)• Negative afterimage (负后像)

• Emmert’s law (埃默特定律)• Prime sight, blindsight

• Emmert’s law (埃默特定律)

• Prime sight, blindsight

• Emmert’s law (埃默特定律)• Prime sight, blindsight

Lack of Verbal Awareness

• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)• Priming (启动)• Masking (掩蔽)

• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)

• Priming (启动)• Masking (掩蔽)

• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)• Priming (启动)

• Masking (掩蔽)

• Stroop effect (斯特鲁普效应)• Priming (启动)• Masking (掩蔽)

An Illustration ofMarcel’s Procedure

Cheesman andMerikle’s modifications

• Forced-choice procedure• Several prime-detection thresholds for each subject

• Forced-choice procedure

• Several prime-detection thresholds for each subject

• Forced-choice procedure• Several prime-detection thresholds for each subject

The two-threshold theory

• Objective threshold (客观阈限)• Subjective threshold (主观阈限)

• Objective threshold (客观阈限)

• Subjective threshold (主观阈限)

• Objective threshold (客观阈限)• Subjective threshold (主观阈限)

The two-threshold theory: Implications

• D.B., Blindsight 1, Blindsight 2• Verbal report vs Forced-choice responses

• D.B., Blindsight 1, Blindsight 2

• Verbal report vs Forced-choice responses

• D.B., Blindsight 1, Blindsight 2• Verbal report vs Forced-choice responses

The phenomenological component of perception

Given that perceptual awareness or consciousness is asubjective state, we propose that the subjective threshold,or the threshold for claimed awareness, better capturesthe phenomenological distinction between conscious andunconscious perceptual experiences and that the subjectivethreshold, therefore, provides a better definition of theboundary between conscious and unconscious processesthan is provided by the objective threshold.

– Cheesman and Merikle (1986)

Converging Operations: Perception withoutAwareness and Perception with Explicit Awareness

Operationism and Converging Operations

• According to operationism (操作主义), concepts aredefined by the operations used to measure and producethem.

• Perceptual system: Subjective threshold• Response system: Response bias

• Perceptual system: Subjective threshold

• Response system: Response bias

• Perceptual system: Subjective threshold• Response system: Response bias

Operational definitions, in spite of their precision, arein application without significance unless the situations towhich they are applied are sufficiently developed so that atleast two methods are known of getting to the terminus.Definition of a phenomenon by the operations which pro-duced it, taken naked and without further qualification,has an entirely specious precision, because it is a descrip-tion of a single isolated event.

– Bridgman (1945)

• Converging operations (汇聚操作) are a set of two ormore operations that eliminate alternate concepts thatmight explain a set of experimental results.

Perception without Awareness

• Stroop test and Frequency Effects (频率效应)

Blindsight Reviewed

• Double dissociation (双重分离) of function: In thisprocedure, opposite behaviors are elicited by two differenttasks from different areas of functioning.

• The case of D.B.

Blindsight Reviewed

Blindsight Reviewed: The case of D.B.

Good Field Blind FieldDetection >Identification <

Blindsight Reviewed

Perception with explicit awareness

(Proffitt, 2006)

• Heavy backpack or not• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates• Older people versus young adults

• Heavy backpack or not

• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates• Older people versus young adults

• Heavy backpack or not• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates

• Older people versus young adults

• Heavy backpack or not• Varsity athletes versus general undergraduates• Older people versus young adults

Perceiving the world combines visual analysis withexplicit awareness of the goals and the costs afforded bythem.

– Proffitt (2006)

Table of Contents

Problems

• The Color–Distance Illusion• Why do warm colors appear to come forward and cool

colors appear to recede?

Problems

• The Color–Distance Illusion

• Why do warm colors appear to come forward and coolcolors appear to recede?

Problems

• The Color–Distance Illusion• Why do warm colors appear to come forward and cool

colors appear to recede?

Hypothesis

• When pairs of color patches are presented in the same plane, thewarmer color will be judged closer by a person viewing thesestimuli with one eye (monocularly).

Hypothesis

• When pairs of color patches are presented in the same plane, thewarmer color will be judged closer by a person viewing thesestimuli with one eye (monocularly).

Hypothesis

• When an observer is asked to move an adjustable coloredstimulus so that it appears in the same plane as a fixed coloredstimulus, the observer will set the adjustable stimulus closer if itis a cool color and the fixed stimulus is a warm color, and viceversa.

Hypothesis

• When an observer is asked to move an adjustable coloredstimulus so that it appears in the same plane as a fixed coloredstimulus, the observer will set the adjustable stimulus closer if itis a cool color and the fixed stimulus is a warm color, and viceversa.

Hypothesis

• When an observer, using both eyes, is required to estimate thedistance of a single-colored stimulus chip, warm colors will bejudged to be closer than cool colors.

Hypothesis

• When an observer, using both eyes, is required to estimate thedistance of a single-colored stimulus chip, warm colors will bejudged to be closer than cool colors.

Table of Contents

References i

Kantowitz, B. H., Roediger, I., Henry L., & Elmes, D. G. (2015). Experimental psychology (10th ed.).Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Proffitt, D. R. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. Perspectives on Psychological Science,1(2), 110-122. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00008.x

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