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Chapter 7 Integration of Information. The Strategic Management of Information Technology. Transaction Processing System. Input. Process. Output. Communication. Information. Steps Toward Integration. Windowing Operating System OS/2 Presentation Manager Windows X-Windows (Sun) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 7Chapter 7Integration of InformationIntegration of Information
The StrategicManagement of
InformationTechnology
Transaction Processing Transaction Processing SystemSystem
Input OutputProcess
Information
Communication
Steps Toward IntegrationSteps Toward Integration
Windowing Operating System– OS/2 Presentation Manager– Windows– X-Windows (Sun)
Transaction Processing Systems– Payroll Services– Sales Order Processing Systems– Process Control Systems– Corporate Accounting Systems
Steps Toward IntegrationSteps Toward Integration
Multi-Tasking– Allow Users to run different programs at the
same time– Windows– OS/2 (Presentation Manager)– XWindows
Networks– Enable Dynamic Integration from Several
Sources
IntegrationIntegration
Vertical– Different Levels of Production– ex: Oil Company
Horizontal– Retail Stores– ex:Wal-Mart
Object-OrientationObject-Orientation Different than Transmitting Raw Bits of Data
– Hardware Connections– Access Controls– Simple Data Formats
Software Agents– object-oriented programs written to perform specific tasks in
response to user requests– agents know how to exchange object attributes– agents have the ability to activate object functions in other
agents Multimedia
– Integration of Text, Video, Sound, Pictures, Animation
Integration/LinksIntegration/Links Static
– Hard-Coded– Import
Dynamic– Linked– Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)– Hot-Linked– Object-Linking and Embedding (OLE)
Original Software Package Automatically started when chosen
Systems Project ProposalsSystems Project Proposals Feasibility Factors
– Technical
– Economic
– Legal
– Operational
– Schedule Strategic Factors
– Productivity
– Differentiation
– Management
Systems PlanSystems Plan Business Plan
– Document Company’s Goals and Objectives– Align Systems Project with Company’s Business
Plan Enterprise-Wide Model
– Entity Relationship Diagram showing relationship between organization’s entities and their relationship to supporting strategies of Business Plan
– View of Future Organization of Enterprise under a Business Plan
Two Levels of PlanningTwo Levels of Planning
Systems Planning– Gives Managers, Users, and Information
Systems Personnel Projects– Establishes what should be done– Sets a budget for the total cost of these
projects Systems Project Planning
– Setting a plan for the development of each specific systems project
Systems Professional SkillsSystems Professional Skills Systems Planning
– Form project team after proposed systems project is cleared for development
Systems Analysis– Business Systems Analysts knowledgeable in business
General Systems Design– Business Systems Analysts
Systems Evaluation and Selection– Business Systems Analysts
Detailed Systems Design– Wide Range of Systems and Technical Designers
Systems Implementation– Systems analysts, programmers, and special technicians
Effective Leadership StyleEffective Leadership Style Autocratic Style
– Crisis-Style Management– Used to Correct Major Problem, such as Schedule
Slippage Democratic Style
– Team-oriented Leadership– Gives each team member the freedom to achieve goals
which he/she helped set Laissez-Faire Style
– Highly-motivated, Highly-Skilled Team Members– People who work best alone
Project Management SkillsProject Management Skills Planning
– States what should be done– Estimates how long it will take– Estimates what it will cost
Leading– Adapts to dynamics of enterprise and deals with setbacks– Guides and induces people to perform at maximum abilities
Controlling– Monitors Progress Reports and Documented Deliverables– Compares Plans with Actuals
Organizing– Staffs a Systems Project Team– Brings together users, managers, and team members
Project ManagementProject Management
Gantt Chart Pert Chart
Gantt ChartGantt Chart
Compares Planned Performance against actual performance to determine whether the project is ahead of, behind, or on schedule
Schedule a complete systems project by phases
PERT ChartPERT Chart Program, Evaluation and Renew Technique Estimate, Schedule, and Control a network of
interdependent tasks Shown by arrows, nodes, or circles Determine minimum time needed to complete a
project, phase, or task Critical Path
– Minimum time needed to complete a project or phase
– Total of the most time-consuming chain of events
PERT ChartPERT Chart
Four Steps– Identify Tasks– Determine Proper Sequence of Tasks– Estimate the Time Required to Perform
each Task– Prepare Time-Scaled Chart of Tasks
and Events to Determine the Critical Path
CASECASE Computer-Aided Systems and
Software Engineering Increase Productivity of Systems
Professionals Improve the Quality of Systems
Produced Improve Software Maintenance Issue
CASECASE
Includes:– workstations– central repository– numerous modeling tools– project management– Systems Development Life Cycle Support– Prototyping Applications– Software Design Features
Central RepositoryCentral Repository Models Derived from Modeling Tools Project Management Elements Documented Deliverables Screen Prototypes and Report Designs Software Code from Automatic Code Generator Module and Object Libraries of Reusable Code Reverse Engineering, Reengineering, and
Restructuring Features
Software MaintenanceSoftware Maintenance
Reverse Engineering– Extract original design from spaghetti-like, undocumented
code to make maintenance change request– Abstract meaningful design specifications that can be used
by maintenance programmers to perform maintenance tasks Reengineering
– Examination and changing of a system to reconstitute it in form and functionality
– Reimplementation Restructuring
– Restructures code into standard control constructs sequence, selection, repetition
Work Group TechnologiesWork Group Technologies
Suite of Products GroupWare
Suite of ProductsSuite of ProductsExamplesExamples
Microsoft Corporation– Word – Excel– PowerPoint
Lotus Development Corporation– AmiPro– Lotus 1-2-3– Freelance
Novell/Borland– WordPerfect– Borland– dBaseIV
Suite of ProductsSuite of ProductsAdvantagesAdvantages
Integrated Document Economies of Scale Consolidated Training Shared Files Across Group
Suite of ProductsSuite of ProductsDisadvantagesDisadvantages
Choice Based upon Group Rather than Advantages of Individual Product
“Locked In” to Product Company Difficulty in Matching Client
Requirements
Today’s OrganizationToday’s Organization
Enterprise-Wide Development Object-Oriented Definition Implementation of Suite Approach
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