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Chapter 7Cellular structure and
FunctionPage 180
7.1 Cell Discovery• Robert Hooke looked
at bark to see cells!• Claim to fame =
“named the cell” after his room.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek• Built on Hooke’s ideas
and built a better microscope and saw many living things!
Cell Theory• 1. All living things are made of 1+ cells.
• 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and organization of living things.
• 3. Cells come from other cells.
5
Introduction to CellsIntroduction to CellsCells are the basic units of organismsCells can only be observed under
microscopeBasic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
Cell
6
Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
9
Prokaryotes
include bacteria & have NO NUCLEUS or membrane-bound structures called organelles. They have DNA
10
Eukaryotic CellContain 3 basic cell
structures:• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with
organelles• Almost all cells
are eukaryotic (plants, animals…)
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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OrganelleOrganelless
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
13
Golgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping Have a shipping
side & a receiving side & a receiving sideside
• Receive & Receive & modify modify proteinsproteins made by made by ERER
• FED-EX of the cell!FED-EX of the cell!Transpo
rt vesicle
14
Lysosome• Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down food Break down food
and worn out cell and worn out cell parts for cells parts for cells
• Cleans up the cell!Cleans up the cell!
– Lysol!Lysol!
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Nucleolus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1
to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes
Ribosomes• Makes Proteins
• “ribs are protein”
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
MitochondriaMitochondria
• Provides Energy for cells
• Powerhouse of the cell
18
19
Active cells like muscles have MOREmitochondria
In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
20
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Cell membrane
Surrounding the Surrounding the CellCell
21
Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell=
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
22
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Chemical reactions can take place here
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
23
Organelles are in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
More on More on CytoplasmCytoplasm
24
The “BRAIN” that controls the cellBounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle
Nucleus
25
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloropla
st
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Plant CellPlant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
StrongFound in plant cells
Cell wall
27
Protect and support
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Storage of:Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & water
Vacuum!
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Central Vacuole
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall or chloroplast
vacuole
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
•Near the nucleus
•Help cell divide
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
33
Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
size
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Cell wall present
34
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or not there
Glycogen as food storage
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
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