Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 1. A solution is an example of a a....

Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions

Chapter Preview Questions

1. A solution is an example of a

a. homogeneous colloid.

b. heterogeneous colloid.

c. homogeneous mixture.

d. heterogeneous mixture.

1. A solution is an example of a

a. homogeneous colloid.

b. heterogeneous colloid.

c. homogeneous mixture.

d. heterogeneous mixture.

2. Magnesium sulfide and aluminum fluoride are

a. ionic compounds.

b. molecular compounds.

c. covalent electrons.

d. radioactive elements.

2. Magnesium sulfide and aluminum fluoride are

a. ionic compounds.

b. molecular compounds.

c. covalent electrons.

d. radioactive elements.

3. When dissolved in water, ionic compounds

a. conduct electricity.

b. make the water cloudy.

c. form double and triple bonds.

d. do not conduct electricity.

3. When dissolved in water, ionic compounds

4. When dissolved in water, molecular compounds

Suppose you dissolve a

teaspoon of salt in a glass of

water. Is it possible to recover

the salt from the water?

Explain.

What are some characteristics of acids and bases?

Section 1: Understanding Solutions

Standard 8.5.d Students know physical processes including freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction.

Section 1: Understanding SolutionsWhat are the characteristics of a solution?

A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles (molecules or ions) that are too small to see.

Solutions:•Contain a solvent, which dissolves the other substances•Contain at least 1 solute, which is dissolved by the solvent•Dissolving one substance into another is a physical change.•The substances retain their original properties.

Section 1: Understanding SolutionsWhat are the characteristics of a colloid?

A colloid contains larger particles than a solution. The particles are still too small to be seen easily, but are large enough to scatter a light beam.

Examples:•milk•fog•mayonnaise•whipped cream

Section 1: Understanding SolutionsWhat are the characteristics of a suspension?

A suspension does not have the same properties throughout. It contains visible particles that are larger than the particles in solutions or colloids.

Particles in a SolutionWhen a solution forms, particles of the solvent surround and separate the particles of the solute.

Effects of Solutes on SolventsSolutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent. Solute particles make it harder for water molecules to form crystals. Water molecules need more energy to boil when a solute is present.

Solid (frozen) water Liquid water solution

Section 1 Quick QuizHow would a solute affect the boiling point of water?

A.The boiling point will be the same at the freezing point.

B.The water will not boil.

C.The water will boil at a lower temperature.

D.The water will boil at a higher temperature.

Answer: D – The water will boil at a higher temperature.

Section 1 Quick QuizWhen a solute is added to a solvent, the freezing point of the solution is

A.the same as the freezing point of the solute.

B.higher than the freezing point of either substance alone.

C.lower than the freezing point of either substance alone.

D.the same as the freezing point of the solvent.

Answer: C – lower than the freezing point of either substance alone.

Section 2: Concentration and Solubility

Standard 8.5.d Students know physical processes including freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction.

ConcentrationHow is concentration measured?

To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the total amount of solution.A concentrated solution has a lot of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.A dilute solution has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.Concentration can be measured as the percent of solute in solution by volume or mass.

Calculating a Concentration

To calculate the concentration of a solution, compare the amount of solute to the amount of solution and multiply by 100 percent.

For example, if a solution contains 10 grams of solute dissolved in 100 grams of solution, then its concentration can be reported as 10 percent.

Practice Problem

A solution contains 12 grams of solute dissolved in 36 grams of solution. What is the concentration of the solution?

Practice Problem

A solution contains 15 ounces of solute dissolved in 60 ounces of solution. What is the concentration of the solution?

Practice Problem

A solution contains 40 grams of solute dissolved in 200 grams of solution. What is the concentration of the solution?

SolubilitySolubility is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.If you can continue to dissolve more solute, you still have an unsaturated solution.If no more solute will dissolve, you have a saturated solution.

Factors Affecting SolubilityWhat factors affect the solubility of a substance?

Factors that affect the solubility of a substance include pressure, the type of solvent, and temperature.•An increase in pressure increases the solubility of gases.•Ionic and polar compounds usually dissolve in polar solvents – “like dissolves like”•The solubility of most solids increases as temperature increases.•Gases become less soluble in a liquid when the temperature of the liquid goes up.

Temperature and Solubility

The solubility of the compound potassium nitrate (KNO3) varies in water at different temperatures.

KNO3 is least soluble at 0ºC.

Reading Graphs:

At which temperature shown in the graph is KNO3 least soluble in water?

Approximately 65 g of KNO3 are needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC.

Reading Graphs:

Approximately what mass of KNO3 is needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC?

KNO3 is about twice as soluble at 40ºC as it is at 20ºC.

Calculating:

About how much more soluble is KNO3 at 40ºC than at 20ºC?

No; the curve shows that solubility increases more with each 20ºC increase in temperature.

Interpreting Data:

Does solubility increase at the same rate with every 20ºC increase in temperature? Explain.

Section 2 Quick QuizWhen you add so much solute that no more dissolves, you have a

A.suspension.

B.unsaturated solution.

C.saturated solution.

D.neutralization.

Answer: C – saturated solution.

Section 2 Quick QuizWhat happens to the concentration of sugar in maple sap as the sap is boiled?

A.The concentration of sugar increases.

B.The concentration of sugar remains constant.

C.The concentration of sugar becomes 0%.

D.The concentration of sugar decreases.

Answer: A – The concentration of the sugar increases.

Section 2 Quick QuizIf two unidentified solids of the same texture and color have different solubilities in 100 grams of water at 20°C, you could conclude that

A.they are the same substance.

B.they are different substances.

C.they have different melting points.

D.their solubilities will be the same if the water temperature is increased.

Answer: B – they are different substances

Section 2 Quick QuizA measure of how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature is that substance’s

A.concentration.

B.saturation point.

C.acidity.

D.solubility.

Answer: D - solubility

Section 2 Quick QuizWhat is one way to increase the solubility of sugar in water?

A.Heat the water.

B.Chill the water.

C.Increase the amount of sugar.

D.Decrease the amount of water.

Answer: A – Heat the water

Section 2 Quick QuizA beaker contains 120 grams of salt water solution. The salt water has 36 grams of salt dissolved in it. What is the concentration of the solution?

Answer: B – 30%

Section 3: Describing Acids and Bases

Standard 8.5.e Students know how to determine whether a solution acidic, basic, or neutral.

Properties of Acids and BasesWhat are the properties of acids?

What are the properties of bases?

An acid tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red.

A base tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.

Properties of Acids and BasesLitmus is an example of an indicator, a compound that changes color when in contact with an acid or a base.

Uses of Acids and BasesAcids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

Section 3 Quick QuizAcids are described as corrosive because they

A.taste bitter.

B.“eat away” at other materials.

C.turn litmus paper blue.

D.feel slippery.

Answer: B – “eat away” at other materials

Section 3 Quick QuizMany of the uses of bases take advantage of their ability to react with

A.other bases.

B.metals.

C.salts.

D.acids.

Answer: D - acids

Section 3 Quick QuizWhich is a likely use for a base?

A.making soaps and detergents

B.making foods taste sour

C.etching metals for printing

D.as a vitamin in your food

Answer: A – making soaps and detergents

Section 4: Acids and Bases in Solution

Standard 8.5.e Students know how to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.

Acids and Bases in SolutionWhat kinds of ions do acids form in water?

Hydrogen ion (H+)

What kinds of ions do bases form in water?

Hydroxide ion (OH-)

An acid produces hydrogen ions in water.

An atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron.

A base produces hydroxide ions in water.

A negative ion, made of oxygen and hydrogen.

Strength of Acids and BasesStrong acids and weak acids act differently in water. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Acetic acid is a weak acid.

The pH ScaleA low pH indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions is big. In contrast, a high pH indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions is low.

Acid-Base ReactionsIn a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.

Section 4 Quick QuizThe pH scale measures

A.the strength of an acid.

B.the concentration of hydrogen ions.

C.the concentration of an acid.

D.the strength of hydrogen ions.

Answer: B – the concentration of hydrogen ions

Section 4 Quick QuizIf you have a solution of a strong acid and a solution of a weak acid of equal concentration and volume, then the

A.weak acid will produce more hydrogen ions.

B.strong acid will have a lower pH.

C.strong acid will have a higher pH.

D.two solutions will have the same pH.

Answer: B – strong acid will have a lower pH

Section 4 Quick QuizNormal rainfall is slightly acidic, which means its pH must be

A.between 7 and 9.

B.between 2 and 4.

C.between 5 and 7.

D.less than 2.

Answer: C – between 5 and 7

Section 4 Quick QuizAcids naturally present in food are safe to eat because they usually are

A.weak.

B.concentrated.

C.dilute.

D.strong.

Answer: A - weak

Section 4 Quick QuizWhat does a neutralization reaction produce?

A.acids

B.bases

C.water and a salt

D.carbonated water

Answer: C – water and a salt

Section 4 Quick QuizYou can find the pH of a substance by using

A.plain paper.

B.a conductivity tester.

C.a thermometer.

D.litmus indicator.

Answer: D – litmus indicator

Section 4 Quick QuizNeutralization is a reaction between a(n)

A.acid and a base.

B.acid and a metal.

C.base and a salt.

D.salt and water.

Answer: A – acid and a base

Section 4 Quick QuizIn a water solution, how do acids differ from bases?

A. Acids turn litmus blue, while bases turn litmus red.

B. Acids form salts, but bases do not.

C. Hydrogen ions (H+) remain dissolved, but hydroxide ions (OH-) do not.

D. Acids form hydrogen ions (H+), while bases form hydroxide ions (OH-).

Answer: D - Acids form hydrogen ions (H+), while bases form hydroxide ions (OH-).

Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 1. A solution is an example of a a....

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