Chapter 5 - Politics and Government

Global Studies 301

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

MICROPOLITICS AND MACROPOLITICS

POWER, AUTHORITY AND COERCION

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE

TYPES OF AUTHORITY

POLITICS

MICROPOLITICS AND MACROPOLICTICS

WHAT IS POWER?

MICROPOLICTICS

MACROPOLICTICS

POWER, AUTHORITY, COERCION

Power?

Authority?

Coercion?

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE

• The state is a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory

• Because government uses too much power, the state loses legitimacy which is leading to the revolution and the collapse of authority

Monopoly: government has complete control of something on one can do as them

A SINGLE PERSON

A GROUP OF PEOPLE=

REVOLUTION

THE COLLAPSE OF AUTHORITY

THREE SOURCES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED

1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

2. RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY

3. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITYCUSTOM

As the society changes, the tradition also changes

Industrial society

Postindustrial society

RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITYLAW OR WRITTEN RULES AND REGULATIONS

PRIME MINISTER HUN SEN

Rational means reasonable

Legal mean part of law

CHARISMATIC AUTHORITYAN INDIVIDUAL’S OUTSTANDING TRAITS

KING JAYAVARMAN VII

A charismatic individual is someone to whom people are drawn because they believe that person has been touched by God or has been endowed by nature with exceptional quality

AUTHORITY AS IDEAL TYPE

• The classifications of traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic authorities represent ideal type of authority.

• There are the combinations of these three

TRADITIONAL AND CHARISMATIC AUTHORITIES

RATIONAL-LEGAL AND CHARISMATIC AUTHORITIES

TRADITIONAL AND RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITIES

TRADITIONAL AND CHARISMATIC AUTHORITIES

KING NORODOM SIHANOUK

RATIONAL-LEGAL AND CHARISMATIC AUTHORITIES

JOHN F. KENNEDY

TRADITIONAL AND RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITIES

RARE INSTANCE

UNUSUAL

THE TRANSFER OF AUTHORITY

• The transfer of authority after a term has been served or at the death, resignation, or incapacitation of a leader is critical for social stability

• Under traditional authority, people generally know who next line is

• Under rational-legal authority, people may not know who the next leader will be, but they do know how that person will be selected

• Under charismatic authority, transfer by appointing a successor and practicing routinization of charisma

WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?

FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENTS

TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

TYPES OF MONARCHIES

GOVERNMENTS

WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?

Governments are empowered to establish and regulate the interrelationships of the

people with their territorial confines

• Function of government is to secure the common welfare of the member of the social aggregate over which is exercise control

FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENTS

1. To establish justice

2. To ensure domestic tranquility

3. To provide for the common defense

4. To promote the general welfare

5. To secure the blessings of liberty

FUNCTION OF GOVERNMENTS

DEMOCRACY

MONARCHY

DICTATORSHIP AND OLIGARCHIES

TYPE OF GOVERNMENTS

• A system of government in which authority derives from the people or give the power to the people

DEMOCRACIES

DIRECT REFERENDUM (DIRECT DEMOCRACY)

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (INDIRECT DEMOCRACY)

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

• Classically term of pure democracy

• Directly vote by people

DIRECT DEMOCRACY

• Is a form of government found on the principle of elected individuals representing the people .

INDIRECT DEMOCRACY

• Is form of government in which all political power is absolutely or normally lodged an individual

MONARCHY

• As a political entity , the monarch (king or queen) is the head of state generally until their death or abdication (resignation)

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITED

TYPES OF MONARCHIES

• Is Monarchical form of government where the monarch exercise ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

A form of government in which a monarch act as a head of state but powered by The Prime minister

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

• Dictatorship is a form of government in which power seized by an individual

• Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is held by a small group of individuals

DICTATORSHIP AND OLIGARCHIES

SEVEN ARRANGEMENTS OF SOVEREIGNTY

THE PROCESS OF MAKING LAWS

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION

What is the Sovereignty?

The power of state to do everything to govern itself

SEVEN ARRANGEMENTS OF SOVEREIGNTY

• Presidential systems

• Parlimentary systems

• Hybrid systems

• Military rule

• Monarchies

• Theocratic states

• One-party political systems

THE PROCESS OF MAKING LAWS

Chief Executive

Upper House

Lower House

Law

Bill

Bill: a written draft of a proposed law formally represented to a legislature for its consideration

Veto: to refuse to allow something to be done

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

• The president is elected by voters

• Voters elect the members of congress

• President: both the chief executive and the head of state

• President: power to veto the bill

For President

For Lower House

x

x

The President

Members of Congress

Voter

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

• President has no authority to remove members of the legislature

• Legislature have the right to make laws without the chief executive’s approval

• President have right to remain in the position for the full term

CHECKS AND BALANCES

VS.

• Direct mandate

• Seperation of powers

• Speed and decisiveness

• Stability

• Tendency towards authoritarianism

• Seperation of powers

• Impediments to leadership

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

• The voters elect the members of

lower chamber

• The members of lower chamber elect the chief executive

• The chief executive selects the members of lower chamber to become the head of major ministries

For Lower House

The Prime Minister

MPs

x

Voter

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

• Bills are proposed by the chief executive in consultation with head of ministries

• Any vote against the bill could result in an immediate new election (vote of no confidence)

• Elections for parliament are not held at regular intervals

• The head of state usually is a king or queen (hereditary monarch)

TERMS OF PRIME MINISTER

Presidential Systems

Election

Fixed Term

Election

Election

Fixed Term Vote of No Confidence

Election New Prime Minister

or Election

Parliamentary Systems

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMSADVANTAGES

• It is faster and easier to pass the legislation

• The chief executive cannot become an authoritarian leader

• It allows changes in power without election

• Elections can be held at anytime

PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMSDISADVANTAGES

• The head of major ministries is not directly elected

• Nobody oppose or veto the legislation passed by the MPs

• The systems are sometime unstable

• The prime minister and MPs work systematically

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS VS. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

• The president

• The president is elected by the voters

• The member of congress is elected by the voters

• The election is held regularly

WHO IS THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND HEAD OF STATE?

PresidentialParliamentary

• The prime minister and hereditary monarch

• The members of lower chamber are elected by voters

• The chief executive is elected by the members of lower chamber

• The chief executive choose the head of major ministries

• The election is not held regularly

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS VS. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

• The president cannot be removed

• The president cannot dissolve the legislature

• The members of legislature are less disciplined

CAN THE LEGISLATURE REMOVE THE EXECUTIVE?

PresidentialParliamentary

• The legislature can remove the chief executive

• The chief executive can remove the members of legislature

• The members of legislature are more disciplined

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS VS. PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS

We CANNOT define which one is better than another

WHICH SYSTEM IS BETTER?

HYBRID SYSTEMS

HYBRID SYSTEMS

• Hybrid system refers to a system which has both the president and the prime minister who share executive power with each other

SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL

SEMI-PARLIAMENTARY

HYBRID SYSTEMSSEMI-PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

• The president is the chief executive

• The president and MPs are separately elected

• The president has constitutional power to select the prime minister

• The president is more powerful

HYBRID SYSTEMSSEMI-PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

• The prime minister is chief executive

• The prime minister is elected by MPs

• The MPs is elected by voters

• The prime minister select MPs to be head of ministries

• The prime minster select the president indirectly

• The prime minister is more powerful

MILITARY RULE

• A military leader acts as the chief executive

• No opposition party is allowed

• A military ruler is the head of military

MONARCHY

• King or Queen has absolute power.

• He or she is not only the head of state but also the head of government.

King of Arabia

THEOCRATIC STATES

• The state that is dominated by religious leader.• The ruler is believed to have connection with God.

IRAQ IRAN

ONE-PARTY RULES• One party rules is a type of party system government in

which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election.

CUBA CHINA

WHO CHOOSES CHIEF EXECUTIVE?

Voters Political Systems

Members of lower house of the legislature(people inside government)

Parliamentary System

Voters (people outside government) Presidential System

Military Military Rule

Heredity in monarchy Monarchy

Religious body Theocratic States

Ruling political party One Party Rule

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

HOW DOES CITIZEN PARTICIPATE IN POLITIC ?

• Voting

• Involve in community activities

• Cooperating with government

• Withholding cooperation from government

• Informing or confronting government

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Amendment I:

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Voting

Communicating with government

Demonstration

TWO TYPES OF GROUPS

1. Political Parties

are groups of officials or would-be officials who are linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization and the objective of this organization is to ensure that its officials attain power or are maintained in power.

TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTIESONE-PARTY SYSTEM

TWO-PARTY SYSTEMMULTIPARTY SYSTEM

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES

• They select and support candidates

• They inform the public

• They carry the message of the people to the government

• They act as a watchdog over government activities

• They serve as a link between different levels and branches of government

TWO TYPES OF GROUPS

2. Interest Groups

are institutions that unite people with common interests as they try to persuade or influence people in government to change their policies or decisions.

TYPES OF INTEREST GROUPS

Economic Groups

• Business Groups

• Agricultural Groups

• Labor Groups

• Professional Groups

Citizen Groups

• Public interest Groups• Single-issue Groups• Ideological Groups

INTEREST GROUPS USE VARIOUS TACTICS TO AFFECT THE GOVERNMENT

• Direct Lobbying

• Indirect Lobbying/Grass-roots

• Electioneering

• Litigation

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST GROUPS

• To bring issues and concerns to the attention of the public, lawmakers and policymakers

• To represent the interests and concerns of specific groups

• Their support of political candidates who favor their interests and goals

REFERENCES

• Robert, E. Gamer, Governments and Politics, 1994

• Phillips Shively, W. Power and Choice, 2007

• John, J. Harrigan, Politics and the American Future Dilemmas of

Democracy, 1996

• David C. Saffell & Basehart, H. State and Local Government, 2005

• Jack, E. & Michael, J. & Robert, E. American Government, 1991

• Thomas, E. American Democracy, 2001