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Chapter 4
Socialization Over the Life Course
Chapter Outline Using the Sociological Imagination Social Participation or Social Deprivation Theoretical Perspectives and Socialization Psychology and Life Course Theories Socialization and the Life Course Doing Research:Socialization and the
Mass Media: Functionalist and Conflict Theories
Socialization One of the most important social
processes in human society. Without it, we would not be able to
participate in group life or develop characteristics we associate with being human.
Theoretical Perspectives: Socialization
Perspective View
FunctionalismContributes to a stable society.
Conflict theoryA way for the powerful to keep things the same.
Symbolicinteractionism
The major determinant of human nature
Sigmund Freud The personality has three parts:
Id - made up of biologically inherited urges and impulses
Ego - the conscious, rational part of the personality
Superego -the conscience
Erik Erikson Described developmental stages
that occur from infancy to old age. Each stage is accompanied by a
psychosocial crisis, or developmental task.
Socialization and personality development are lifelong processes.
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age Crisis Favorable Outcome
First year Trust vs. mistrust
Faith in the environment and others
2 to 3 Autonomy vs. shame
Feelings of self-control and adequacy
4 to 5 Initiative vs. guilt
Ability to begin one’s own activities
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age Crisis Favorable Outcome
6 to Industry vs. inferiority
Confidence in productive skills
12 to 18 Identity vs. role confusion
Image of oneself as a unique person
18 to 35 Intimacy vs. isolation
Ability to form bonds of love and friendship
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age Crisis Favorable Outcome
35-60 Generativity vs. stagnation
Concern for family, society, and future generations
Over age 60
Integrity vs. despair
Sense of dignity and fulfillment; willingness to face death
Jean Piaget Ability to think, know, and reason
develops through interaction with others. Each of us must pass through 4 stages in
the proper developmental sequence: Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage
Rates of Imprisonment
Availability of Television
Periods in the Eras of Early and Middle Adulthood
Agencies of Socialization Family School Peer group Mass media
Schools and Socialization The first agency of socialization controlled
by nonrelatives. Expose children to standards of
performance applied to everyone. Encourage them to develop loyalties
beyond their own families. Train children to be disciplined, orderly,
cooperative, and conforming.
Peer Groups and Socialization The first agency of socialization not
controlled by adults. Provides young people with experiences
they cannot easily obtain elsewhere. Teach young people to deal with others as
equals. Help them gain experience in self-
direction and establish independence from adults.
Stages of Adult Development Early Adulthood: 18 to 35
Involves a move beyond adolescence and a preliminary step into adulthood
Ends when the individual has made a life within the adult world.
Functions of the media Provide information. Promote social continuity and
integration. Supply entertainment. Explain and interpret events and
information. Mobilize the society when necessary.
Dysfunctions of the mass media Increase social conformity. Legitimate the status quo. Impede social change while promoting
social continuity and integration. Divert the public from serious issues
through trivial entertainment. Shape views through editorializing as they
“interpret” events and information. Create violence via public mobilization.
Conflict Theory and the Media: Marxian View Workers are exploited by being paid less
than they deserve. Consumers are overcharged. Ruling class receives excessive profits. The media are a tool of manipulation by
which the ruling class maintains its power.
Conflict Theory and the Media: Power Elite Evidence that the media is
controlled by the ruling class: Concentration of power in the
media Agenda-setting power of the
media Media’s ability to socialize the
population
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