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Chapter 4
Reading Skills
Chapter Index
S. No
Reference
No
Particulars
Slide
From-To
1 Learning Objectives 3
2 Topic 1 What is Reading? 4-6
3 Topic 2 How Do We Read? 7-8
4 Topic 3 Enhancement of Reading Ability/Purpose
of Reading 9
5 Topic 4 Style of Reading 10-16
6 Topic 5 Guidelines for Effective Reading 17-18
Learning Objectives
Explain the concept of reading and its elements
Discuss how reading ability can be enhanced
List the different styles of reading
Describe how to read effectively
What is Reading
Reading is defined as the
process of decoding a series of
written symbols and getting
meaning from them.
The primary purpose that
reading serves is to let the
reader receive
information by
understanding text.
Reading is a form of
communication that is
primarily used to receive
information.
Reading is typically an
individual activity, but it can
also be a group activity when
a person reads out loud for
the benefit of other listeners.
Elements of Reading
According to Gough and Hillinger (1980), reading is an unnatural act
unlike speaking and listening which are innate skills. Reading is harder
to learn than speaking and requires decoding written symbols.
During reading, our brain is engaged in a number of activities simultaneously.
The first mental process is that the reader decodes a text to construct
meaning by connecting the information suggested in the text with prior
knowledge that the reader has.
The second process is the interaction occurring simultaneously
amongst the different elements of reading that results in
interpretation of the text.
The five elements of the process of reading to work together are:
Reading
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Vocabulary Fluency
Comprehension
How Do We Read?
Verbal and sub-verbal intellectual learning approaches contribute to how we read.
Sub-lexical reading involves learning to
read using phonics. It involves
converting the written units of a word to
its phonological counterparts.
Lexical reading involves learning to
recognise words in their whole form i.e.
acquiring whole words or phrases
without breaking them down to the
characters that compose them.
Both the Sub-lexical and Lexical reading approaches are
essential to become fluent in reading and comprehension as
sub-lexical abilities allow you to learn new words while
lexical abilities enable you to distinguish between similar
words and build a glossary of learned words.
Below are the 5 sequential stages of actual reading process:
Pre-reading Pre-reading is the process by which a reader’s interest is initiated by
previewing a text to identify key ideas.
The second stage is where the reader reads the material from start to end
using an appropriate type of reading. Reading
In this stage, the readers respond to what they read by connecting what
they have learnt from past experiences and real life situations. Responding
In this stage, the reader will re-read certain things in the text, learn more
vocabulary, examine the style of writing, and explore new ideas. Exploring:
In this stage, the students evaluate their experiences while reading, or
apply what they have learnt through reading in real life. Applying
Enhancement of Reading Ability/Purpose of Reading
In order to enhance the reading ability, the first step is to define reading goals
clearly. This helps to keep track of the improvement and achievement. S
tra
tegie
s to
En
han
ce R
ea
din
g
Abil
ity
Predicting
Imagining
Relating
Questioning
Summarising
Resolving
Inferring
Style of Reading
Intensive and extensive reading refer to two styles of reading that people use,
when reading for a purpose and pleasure respectively.
• Intensive reading is done with clear goals in mind. It
involves reading in detail, and increasing one’s
knowledge is the primary focus. It involves total
comprehension and is more time consuming; that is
why it works better with shorter texts.
Intensive
Reading
• Extensive reading involves reading for the purpose of
enjoyment. Total comprehension is not necessary for
extensive reading and it works better with the text
that is appealing to the reader.
Extensive
Reading
Styles of
Extensive
Reading
Slow Reading
Normal Reading
Skimming Surveying
Scanning
Different styles of extensive reading are shown in the following figure:
Slow Reading
Slow reading involves voluntarily reducing
the rate of reading to facilitate enhanced
comprehension or pleasure from a text.
It can reduce anxiety and stress.
It helps to respond to, explore and analyse the text better.
It aids in better absorption and retention of ideas from the
text being read.
It helps to grasp deeper meanings and symbolisms within a
text that you are prone to miss if you read fast.
Benefits of Slow Reading
Normal Reading
In normal reading, a reader reads the text from beginning to
end, without significantly omitting words, phrases or sentences.
The reader studies the text with average reading speed which
is 250 words a minute in case of extensive reading or reading
for pleasure; and 75 words a minute in case of intensive
reading or for technical material.
In normal reading, the reader might skip unfamiliar words or
just estimate their meaning from the context.
Skimming
Skimming is the process of speedy reading to gain the gist of a text.
In skimming, readers read the first line of a paragraph and then read
speedily the headings, subheadings, words in italics or boldface to
gain knowledge of key words and the central idea of the text.
Skimming is a technique which helps the reader establish what the
text is about.
Surveying
Surveying is done by concentrating on the general aspects and skipping the
details, mainly with the intention to decide the usefulness of the text and to
determine whether it is worth reading more closely.
Surveying the text first facilitates reading speed and improves comprehension
if you decide to read the text later. It aids you to decide whether to read slowly,
normally or to skim a text.
The purpose of surveying is to get a broad, overall essence of an article,
chapter or book.
Scanning
Scanning is a technique used when we look for specific
information.
The comprehension gained through scanning is adequate to
complete the relevant task.
Guidelines for Effective Reading
Effective reading depends on a number of steps as shown the below figure:
Set Reading
Goals
Choose Appropriate
Text Be Selective
Read Critically
Ask Questions
Take Notes
Highlight and
Underling Take Breaks
One popular method used to read effectively is
called SQ3R. This is a reading comprehension
method introduced by Francis P. Robinson in his
book Effective Study (1946).
Survey Question Read Recite Review
The steps of SQ3R method
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